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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions
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Right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right iliac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, left hypochondriac, left lumbar, left iliac
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What chemical is in nerve impulse transmission
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Na and K
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What chemical is in Muscle function
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Ca
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what chemical is in red blood cell formation
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Fe
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What chemical is in blood clotting
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Ca
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What chemicical is in the protein in the muscle
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S
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what chemical is in thyroid hormones
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I
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What is an acid
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Proton doner
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What is a base/alkaline
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Proton acceptor
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what is the body pH
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7.4
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What is a buffer
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Resists changes in pH
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What are the 3 buffers in the body
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Urinary system, respiratory system, chemical system
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what are carbohydrates
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Sugars and Starches and contains oxygen
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What is a monosacharide, give an example
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single sugar ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose
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What is a disacharide, give an example
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2 sugars ex. sucrose, maltose, lactose
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What are polysaccharides
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large and insoluable ex. glycogen and starch
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What is glycogen
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storage carbohydrate for animal tissue
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What is starch
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storage carbohydrate for plant tissue
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What are lipids, give example
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contain phosphorous ex neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids
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What do triglycerides consist of
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1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
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What type of bond does a saturated triglyceride have
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single
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What type of bond does an unsaturated triglyceride have
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double
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What is the difference between a phospholipid and a triglyceride
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one fatty acid chain is replaced by a phosphorous containing group
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What does amphipathic mean
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polor head groupl, non-polar tail
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Cholesterol comes from what animal products
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Eggs, meat, cheese
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What are polysaccharides
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large and insoluable ex. glycogen and starch
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What is glycogen
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storage carbohydrate for animal tissue
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What is starch
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storage carbohydrate for plant tissue
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What are lipids, give example
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contain phosphorous ex neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids
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What do triglycerides consist of
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1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids
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What is the most important Eicosanoid
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Prostaglandins
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What does aspirin do to prostaglandins
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makes them stop coming to the site of injury (shrink swelling)
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What does the protein collagen do
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gives strength to bones, tendons, and ligaments
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what does the protein keratin do
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protein in hair and nails
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What does the protein actin and myosin do
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movement of muscle
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What does the protein hemoglobin and lipoproteins do
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transport
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what does the protein hormones and insulin do
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metabolism
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what does the protein antibodies do
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immunity
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what does the protein plama (albumin) do
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buffers
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how many amino acid types are there
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20
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what are amino acids held together by
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peptide bonds
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what are 2 amino acids
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dipeptide
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what are 3 amino acids
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tripeptide
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what are 10 or more amino acids
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polypeptide
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what are more than 50 amino acids
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protein
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What is the primary structure of proteins
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order of amino acids
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what is the secondary structure of proteins
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twisting and bending into either alpha helix or beta pleaded sheet
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what is the tertiary structure of proteins
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folding
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what is the quaternary structure of proteins
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two or more chains aggregate
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how large is a nucleic acid
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largest in the body
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what base in DNA is not in RNA
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Thymine
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what base in RNA is not in DNA
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uracile
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DNA is single or double stranded structure
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double
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RNA is single or double stranded structure
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single
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What is osmosis
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diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane
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What is osmolarity
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total concentration of all solute particles in solution
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What is diffusion
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tendency of molecules to move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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what is the brownian motion
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moving and colliding of random molecules
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what is hyposmotic
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one solution has less solute on one side of membrane
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what is hyperosmotic
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one solution has more solute on one side of membrane
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what is osmotic pressure
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tendency of osmosis to flow and is measured by the amount of back pressure (cork in tube)
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what is tonicity
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refers to the response of cells to a solution
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what is isotonic
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solutes inside cell = concentration of solutes outside
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what is hypotonic
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concentration of solutes outside cell are less than concentration of solutes inside cell (swelling)
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what is hypertonic
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concentration of solutes outside cell is greater than concentration of solutes inside cell (shrinkage)
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How many types of cells are there
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200
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glycolipids
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polar sugar, nonpolar fatty acid tail
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cholesterol
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flat, makes membrane more RIGID, less fluid
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Integral proteins
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amphipathic, form channels, transport
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Peripheral proteins
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attach loosely to integral proteins or lipids, glycoproteins
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Microvilli
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fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane increase surface area for absorption ex. kidney cells
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3 types of cell junctions
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tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions
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tight junctions
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proteins of adjacent plasma membranes fuse them together; forms impermeable seal
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desmosomes
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anchoring junctions held together by linker proteins
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gap junctions
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donut arrangement of transmembrane proteins, hollow center allows ions and molecules to pass through
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simple diffusion
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nonpolar diffuse through the membrane
polar diffuse through protein channels |
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facilitated diffusion
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no energy required, carrier engulfs molecule and releases it to other side
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osmosis
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water passes freely through lipid bilayer and down concentration gradient
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filtration
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some molecules and h2o are pushed through membrane by hydrostatic pressure
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active transport
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requires energy, moves molecules against concentration gradient
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Primary active transport
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uses membrane pump fueled by ATP NA/K pump
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Secondary active transport
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molecules hitch a ride with the molecules pumped across membrane by primary active transport ex. glucose catches a ride with Na ions
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vesicular transport
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requires energy, used for large particles and macromolecules
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exocytosis
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substances moving from the inside of cell to outside
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endocytosis
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substances moving from outside of cell to inside
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phagocytosis
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cell eating; lysosomes
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pinocytosis
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cell drinking; method of absorbing nutrients
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cytoplasm
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region between plasma membrane and nucleus composed of cytosol, organelles, molecules, pigments, where 90% of cell activity occurs
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cytoplasmic organelles
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specialized cellular organs each performing its own job
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mitochondria
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power plants make ATP found more in cells requiring more energy have DNA from mother
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Ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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covered in ribosomes
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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tubule network; lipid metabolism, cholesterol production, steroid hormone production, detox of drugs and pesticides
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Lysosomes
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bags of enzymes that digest many different molecules
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peroxisomes
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contains powerful oxidases and catalases
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Golgi apparatus
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traffic director of cellular proteins, packages proteins and ships them away
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Nucleus
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control center of cell contains DNA
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group of cells similar in structure and function
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tissue
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epithelial
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covering
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connective
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support
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muscle
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movement
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nervous
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control
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has all 4 types of tissues
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organ
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cover the body surface and line body cavities
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epithelial cells
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function: protection
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skin
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function: absorption
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digestive tract
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function: filtration
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kidney
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function: excretion
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kidney
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function: secretion
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glands
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function: sensation
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skin
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cells are bonded together by what?
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tight junctions and desmosomes
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what layer is an adhesive sheet of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells
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basal lamina
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what layer has collagen fibers and is part of the underlying CT
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reticular lamina
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what layers does the basal membrane consist of
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basal lamina and reticular lamina
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avascular
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no direct blood supply
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innervated
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have a nerve supply
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regenerative
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can replace itself
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simple
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one layer
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stratified
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multiple layers
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polyhedral squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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flat, square, tall
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simple squamous
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thin and permeable
kidney, lungs |
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endothelium
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inner covering; what capillaries are made of
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mesothelium
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holds organs together, holds nerves and blood vessels in place
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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secretion and absorption
kidney TUBULES |
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simple columnar epithelium
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secretion and absorption
GI tract |
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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secretion
ducts and trachea |
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stratified squamous epithelia
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protection from abrasion
lining esophagus, mouth, vagina |
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stratified columnar
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protection and secretion
rare- male urethra |
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transitional epithelia
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ureters, bladder, part of urethra
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glandular epithelia
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endocrine glands
exocrine glands |
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endocrine glands
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produce hormones, ductless
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exocrine glands
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secrete products onto skin or into body cavities
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unicellular
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goblet cell
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multicellular
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structurally more complex
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simple ducts
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single unbranched duct
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compound ducts
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branched duct
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tubular
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secretory cells form tubes
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alveolar
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secretory cells form alveoli
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tubuloalveolar
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secretory cells form tubes and sacs
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