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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Trapezius
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O: Superior nuchal line; external occipital protuberance; nuchal ligament; spinous process of C7-T12
I: Lateral third of the clavicle; spine and acromion of the scapula IN: Spinal accessory N (CN XI) and joined by motor branches from C3, C4 A: As a whole, it retracts the scapula. Superior fibers pull upward on lateral angle and the inferior fibers pull downward on the base of the spine, rotating the glenoid cavity upward; this movement normally accompanies abduction of the arm. Middle fibers are involved in upward rotation and in preventing sagging of the lateral angle (glenoid cavity) of the scapula. |
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Latissimus dorsi
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O: Spinous processes of T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inferior 3 or 4 ribs by muscular slips that interdigitate with slips of origin for the external abdominal oblique
I: Crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus IN: Thoracodorsal nerve, a motor branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus A: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus; raises body toward arms while climbing. Inferior fibers prevent upward displacement of shoulder when weight of body tends to produce this action (i.e. when someone hangs by his arms or uses a crutch) |
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External abdominal oblique
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O: External surfaces of 5th - 12th ribs
I: Linea alba, pubic tubercle, and anterior half of iliac crest IN: Thoraco-abdominal nerves and subcostal nerve A: Compresses and supports abdominal viscera, flexes and rotates trunk |
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Rhomboid Major
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O: Spinous processes of T2-T5
I: Medial border of scapula inferior to base of spine IN: Dorsal scapular N A: Elevates the medial border and retracts the scapula |
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Rhomboid Minor
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O: Lower part of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T1
I: Medial border of scapula at base of spine IN: Dorsal scapular N A: Elevates the medial border and retracts the scapula |
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Levator scapulae
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O: Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C3 (C4).
I: Superior angle and medial border of scapula as far as the base (medial edge) of the spine. IN: Dorsal scapular n. (C5) A: Elevates medial angle of scapula. |
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Serratus Anterior
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O: Lateral surfaces of ribs 1-9
I: Medial border of scapula, anterior to rhomboid mm (runs underneath the scapula to the medial border) IN: Long thoracic N (C5-C7) A: Protracts (draws forward) scapula holding medial border firmly against thoracic wall. If, during protraction, the inferior angle moves forward faster than the remainder of the medial border, the scapula is upwardly rotated. This upward rotation is the most important action of this muscle |
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Serratus posterior superior
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O: Nuchal ligament; spinous processes of C7-T3
I: Superior borders of ribs 2-4 IN: 2nd to 5th intercostal NN A: Proprioception (elevates ribs -- recent studies suggest otherwise) |
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Serratus posterior inferior
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O: Spinous process of T11-L2
I: Inferior borders of ribs 8-12 near their angles IN: Anterior rami to T9 to T12 thoracic spinal NN A: Proprioception (depresses ribs -- recent studies suggest otherwise) |
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Splenius (capitis and cervicis)
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O: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T6
I: Capitis - Mastoid process and lateral third of superior nuchal line Cervicis - Tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C3 or C4 IN: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves A: Acting alone, laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of active muscles Acting together, extend head and neck |
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Erector spinae (Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)
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O: Arise by a broad tendon from posterior part of iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum, sacro-iliac ligaments, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament
I: listed separately IN: Dorsal rami of spinal NN A: Acting bilaterally, extend vertebral column and head; as back is flexed, control movement via eccentric contraction Acting unilaterally, laterally flex vertebral column |
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Iliocostalis (insertion only)
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I: Fibers run superiorly to angles of lower ribs and C4-C6 transverse processes
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Longissimus (insertion only)
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I: Fibers run superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles to transverse processes in thoracic and cervical regions, and to mastoid process of temporal bone
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Spinalis (insertion only)
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I: Fibers run superiorly to spinous processes in the upper thoracic region and to cranium
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Pectoralis major
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O: Clavicular part, medial half of the clavicle
Sternal part, manubrium and body of sternum Costal part, costal cartilages 1-6 I: Bilaminar tendon crosses the intertubercular groove of the humerus to insert on the crest of the greater tubercle IN: Lateral pectoral N - most of the upper portion Medial pectoral N - lower portion A: Adduct and medially rotate humerus |
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Pectoralis minor
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O: Ribs 2-5 or 3-6
I: Coracoid process of scapula IN: Medial pectoral N A: Depressor and downward rotator of scapula |
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Deltoid
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O: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus IN: Axillary N (C5-C6) A: Anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm, middle fibers abduct arm, and the posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm; if all three fibers contract, abduction of the arm |
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Teres major
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O: Lower third of lateral border of scapula
I: Passes around medial side of humerus with latissimus dorsi to attach to the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus IN: Lower subscapular N (C5-C6) A: Adduction, medial rotation, and extension of the arm. Apparently only acts when these movements are resisted |
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Teres minor
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O: Middle half of lateral border of scapula
I: Greater tubercle of the humerus; forms lowest part of rotator cuff IN: Axillary N A: Lateral rotation of arm; also a weak adductor of arm |
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Supraspinatous
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O: Supraspinatous fossa of scapula
I: Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus; tendon of insertion forms the uppermost part of the rotator cuff; runs through the subacromial space IN: Suprascapular N (C4, C5, C6) A: Initiates and assists deltoid in abduction of arm; with arm at the side, it becomes particularly active in supporting the arm against a downward pull |
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Infraspinatous
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O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
I: Middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus; forms the middle part of the rotator cuff IN: Suprascapular N A: Laterally rotates the arm |
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Subscapularis
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O: Subscapular fossa
I: Lesser tubercle of the humerus; anterior part of the rotator cuff IN: Upper and lower subscapular NN A: Medially rotates arm; as part of the rotator cuff, helps hold the head of the humerus in glenoid cavity |
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Biceps brachii
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O: short head - tip of coracoid process of scapula
long head - supraglenoid tubercle of scapula I: Tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis IN: Musculocutaneous N A: Supinates forearm and, when it is supine, flexes forearm; short head resists dislocation of shoulder; weak flexor of the shoulder joint |
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Coracobrachialis
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O: Tip of coracoid process of scapula
I: Middle third of medial surface of humerus IN: Musculocutaneous N A: Helps flex and adduct arm; resists dislocation of shoulder |
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Triceps brachii
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O: Long head - infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Lateral head - posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove Medial head - posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove I: Proximal end of olecranon of ulna and fascia of forearm IN: Radial N A: Chief extensor of forearm; long head resists dislocation of humerus; especially important during adduction; keeps elbow extended when pushing an object |
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Platysma
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O: Subcutaneous tissue of infraclavicular and supraclavicular regions
I: Base of mandible; skin of cheek and lower lip; angle of mouth; orbicular is oris IN: Facial N, branches of the parotid plexus A: Depresses mandible (against resistance); tenses skin of inferior face and neck (conveying tension and stress) |
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Semispinalis (of transversospinalis)
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O: Arises from transverse process of C4-T12
I: Fibers run superomedially to occipital bone and spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions, spanning 4-6 segments IN: Dorsal rami of spinal NN A: Extends head and thoracic and cervical regions of vertebral column and rotates them contralaterally |
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Brachialis
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O: Distal half of anterior humerus
I: Ulnar tuberosity on anterior aspect of coronoid process of the ulna IN: Musculocutaneous N A: Flexes elbow |
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Pronator teres
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O: Ulnar head - Coronoid process
Humeral head - medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor origin) I: Middle of lateral surface of radius IN: Median N (passes between the two heads) A: Pronates and flexes forearm (at elbow) |
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Flexor carpi radialis
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O: Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor origin)
I: Base of 2nd metacarpal (tendon enters hand anterior to the flexor retinaculum) IN: Median N A: Flexes and radially abducts hand |
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Palmaris longus
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O: Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor origin)
I: Distal half of flexor retinaculum and apex of palmar aponeurosis IN: Median N A: Flexes hand and tenses palmar aponeurosis |
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Flexor carpi ulnaris
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O: Humeral head - Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor origin)
Ulnar head - Olecranon and posterior border of ulna (via aponeurosis) I: Pisiform bone, hook of hamate, 5th metacarpal A: Flexor and ulnar abductor of hand |
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Flexor digitorum superficialis
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O: Humeroulnar head - Medial epicondyle and medial border of base of coronoid process of ulna
Radial head - Upper part of anterior border of radius I: Four tendons (insert on digits 2-5) pass through the carpal tunnel in a common synovial tendon sheath shared with the flexor digitorum profundus (superficial flexor tendons lie anterior to deep flexor tendons). Each tendon splits into two parts anterior to the proximal phalanx (to allow the flexor digitorum profundus tendon to pass through), then come together before it inserts on the base of the middle phalanx IN: Median N (C7 - T1) A: Flexes middle phalanges at proximal interphalangeal joints of middle four digits; tendon crosses the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) |
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Flexor pollicis longus
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O: Middle ½ of anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane
I: Tendon passes through carpal tunnel to attach to base of distal phalanx of thumb IN: Anterior interosseous branch of median nerve (C7 - T1) A: Flexes proximal and distal phalanges of thumb. Flexes the IP joint of the thumb |
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Flexor digitorum profundus
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O: Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna, plus interosseous membrane.
I: Tendons pass through carpal tunnel to attach to distal phalanges of digits 2 - 5. Each tendon has both short and long vincula IN: Median nerve supplies lateral ½; the ulnar nerve supplies medial ½ (C8 - T1). A: Since tendon crosses both the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints and the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints, it flexes the middle and distal phalanges |
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Pronator quadratus
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O: Distal ¼ of anterior ulna.
I: Distal ¼ of anterior radius. IN: Anterior interosseous branch of median n. (C7 - T1) A: Pronates hand |
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Brachioradialis
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O: Lateral border of humerus above lateral epicondyle
I: Base of styloid process of radius IN: Radial n. (C5 - C6) A: Flexor of elbow (even though it is on the extensor side) |
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Extensor carpi radialis longus
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O: Lateral border of humerus just distal to the brachioradialis
I: Base of second metacarpal IN: Radial n. (C6 - C7) A: Extensor and radial abductor of wrist |
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Extensor carpi radialis brevis
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O: Lateral humeral epicondyle (common extensor tendon)
I: Base of third metacarpal IN: Posterior interosseous n., a branch of the radial n. (C6 - C7) A: Extensor and radial abductor of wrist |
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Extensor digitorum and extensor digiti minimi
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O: Common extensor tendon. The extensor digiti minimi arises from the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum
I: Four tendons pass deep to extensor retinaculum then diverge toward fingers to insert on the base of both the middle and distal phalanges IN: Posterior interosseous nerve A: Extensor of all phalanges (proximal, middle and distal) of digits 2 - 5, plus it abducts the fingers upon extension. The extensor digiti minimi extends and abducts only the fifth digit |
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Extensor carpi ulnaris
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O: Common extensor tendon
I: Tendon passes deep to extensor retinaculum to insert into base of fifth metacarpal IN: Posterior interosseous n A: Extensor and ulnar abductor of wrist |
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Supinator
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O: Lateral humeral epicondyle, lateral ligaments of elbow and supinator crest of ulna
I: Passes downward and laterally around radius to insert into the lateral surface of radius, between anterior and posterior oblique lines IN: Posterior interosseous n A: Supination of hand |
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Abductor pollicis longus
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O: Posterior surfaces of radius and ulna and the interosseous membrane.
I: Passes deep to extensor retinaculum to attach to radial surface of base of first metacarpal. IN: Posterior interosseous n. A: Abducts, extends and laterally rotates first metacarpal to draw the thumb away from the position of opposition. It also participates in radial abduction and (extension of the wrist?) |
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Extensor pollicis brevis
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O: Posterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane just distal to extensor pollicis longus.
I: Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. IN: Posterior interosseous n. A: Radial abductor of wrist, extensor of the proximal phalanx of thumb and extensor of the first metacarpal |
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Extensor pollicis longus
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O: Posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane just distal to abductor pollicis longus.
I: Distal phalanx of thumb. IN: Posterior interosseous n. A: Extends distal and proximal phalanges of thumb, extends and abducts first metacarpal |
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Extensor indicis
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O: Posterior surface of ulna distal to extensor pollicis longus.
I: Joins extensor expansion of index finger. IN: Posterior interosseous n. A: Extends all joints of index finger and independently abducts the index finger |
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Abductor pollicis brevis
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O: Flexor retinaculum and trapezium (and scaphoid according to the book)
I: Shaft of the first metacarpal IN: Recurrent branch of the median nerve A: Abducts thumb; helps oppose it |
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Flexor pollicis brevis
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O: Flexor retinaculum and trapezium (and scaphoid according to the book)
I: Shaft of the first metacarpal (Book says: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb) IN: Recurrent branch of the median nerve; the deep head of this muscle, if present, is typically innervated by the ulnar nerve A: Flexes thumb |
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Opponens pollicis
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O: Flexor retinaculum and trapezium (and scaphoid according to the book)
I: Shaft of the first metacarpal (Book says: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb) IN: Recurrent branch of the median nerve A: Opposes thumb by drawing the first metacarpal medially to center of palm and rotates it medially |
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Adductor pollicis
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O: Oblique head: Bases of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd metacarpals, capitate, and adjacent carpals
Transverse head: Anterior surface of shaft of 3rd metacarpal I: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb IN: Deep branches of ulnar nerve A: Adducts thumb toward lateral border of palm |
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Abductor digiti minimi
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O: Pisiform bone
I: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve A: Abducts 5th digit; assists in flexion of its proximal phalanx |
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Opponens digiti minimi
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O: Flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate
I: Shaft of the 5th metacarpal IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve A: Draws 5th metacarpal anterior and rotates it, bringing 5th digit into opposition with thumb |
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Flexor digiti minimi brevis
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O: Flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate
I: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve A: Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit |
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Palmaris brevis
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O: Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis
I: Skin of the medial border of the hand IN: Ulnar nerve or its superficial branch A: Deepens the hollow of the palm, thereby aiding the palmar grip |
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Palmar interossei
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O: Palmar surfaces of 2nd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals
I: Bases of proximal phalanges; extensor expansions of 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits IN: Deep branch of ulnar nerve A: Adducts 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits; assist lumbricals in flexing MP joints and extending IP joints |
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Dorsal interossei
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O: Adjacent sides of two metacarpals
I: Medial side of the 4th metacarpal, medial and lateral sides of the 3rd metacarpal, and lateral side of the 2nd metacarpal; extensor expansions of 2nd - 4th digits IN: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve A: Abducts 2nd - 4th digits from axial line; act with lumbricals in flexing MP joints and extending IP joints |
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Lumbricales
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O: The 4 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus
I: The dorsal expansion IN: The medial lumbricales (digits 4 and 5) are innervated by the ulnar nerve: the lateral lumbricales (digits 2 and 3) are innervated by the median nerve A: Primary function is to extend the IP joints; secondary function is to flex the MP joints |
