Anatomy Spinal Nerve/ Nervous Sys

Front 1

unit of structure of the nervous system

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Neuron (nerve cell)

Front 2

Name the 3 parts of the neuron

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cell body, axon, and one or more dendrites

Front 3

Cell body is the site of the

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nucleus (location of metabolic machinery) Also refered to as a group of cell bodies in CNS

Front 4

A group of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS is termed

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Ganglion

Front 5

One of two types of neuronal processes extending from the cell body

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axon

Front 6

The axon conducts impulses away from the cell body and toward the an

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axon terminal (maybe assoc. w/ an effector organ (muscle) or another organ

Front 7

Axon and assoc. coverings

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nerve fiber

Front 8

Cover all axons to some extent

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Neurological cells

Front 9

In the PNS neurological cells are called

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Schwann cells

Front 10

There are two types of nerve fibers

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myelinated and unmyelinated

Front 11

Myelinated axons are ensheathed by concentric wrappings of

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Schwann cells plasma membranes.

Front 12

Simple coverage by schwann cells without concentric plasma membrane wrapping is

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unmyelinated

Front 13

May be one in number but more frequently found as multiple short processes

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Dendrites
Conduct impulses recvd from other neurons or sensory recpt. toward cell body

Front 14

Electrical impluses travel through the cell body to the

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axon

Front 15

____________ of the cell body may also be receptive to impulses carried by axon of the axon of other neurons that synapse on the cell body

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Plasma membrane

Front 16

Neuronal Organization

Neurons are linked end to end even simple reactions may travel through ____ neurons

Back 16

Several

Front 17

Neuronal Organization

The functional contact at which an electrical impulse proceeds from axon terminal of one neuron to dendrite, cell body or axon of adj neuron is

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Synapse

Front 18

Neuronal Organization

Release of ______ from presynaptic terminals at synapses propagates the electrical conduction by postsynaptic neurons.

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Neurotransmitters

Front 19

Neuronal Organization

Two types of neurons most important in the course are the

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Multipolar motor neurons and pseudounipolar sensory neurons

Front 20

Neuronal Organization

Conduct impulses away from the CNS

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Motor neurons (efferent)

Front 21

Neuronal Organization

Conduct impulses toward the CNS

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Sensory neurons (afferent)

Have single process bifurcates into peripheral process (conducts toward cell body) & central process (axon like) (conducts impulses away into CNS)

Front 22

Neuronal Organization

All cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ganglia outside the CNS but there are no ______ within sensory ganglia

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synapses

Front 23

Organization of Nervous Sys

NS is composed of the (anatomically)

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PNS and CNS

Front 24

Organization of Nervous Sys

The CNS is the

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brain & Spinal Cord

Front 25

Organization of Nervous Sys

PNS carries impulses to and from the

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CNS

Front 26

Organization of Nervous Sys
Perph nerves connected to the brain are

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cranial nerves (12)

Front 27

Organization of Nervous Sys

Perph nerves connected to the spinal cord are

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spinal nerves (31)

Front 28

Organization of Nervous Sys

Functionally the NS is divided into

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Somatic (voluntary)
& autonomic (involutary)

Front 29

Organization of Nervous Sys

Somatic is parts of both CNS & PNS provides ___&____ innervation to all parts of the body except viserca, smooth muscle, glands

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sensory & motor

Front 30

Organization of Nervous Sys

Somatic sensory fibers carry sensations of

Back 30

touch, pain, temp, position to the CNS

Front 31

Organization of Nervous Sys

Somatic motor fibers mediate contraction of skeletal muscle by ___ or ___ movement

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voluntary or reflexive movement

Front 32

Organization of Nervous Sys

The autonomic NS is concerned with the distribution of impulses to and from all

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viscera, smooth muscles and glands (area of invol control) where ever located.

Front 33

Organization of Nervous Sys

ANS is further divided into

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SNS and PNS

Front 34

Organization of Nervous Sys

All spinal nerves contain both

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motor & sensory neurons

Some cranial contain both both other contain one or the other

Front 35

Organization of Spinal Cord

spinal cord is a cylindrical structure located in the

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vertebral canal

Front 36

Organization of Spinal Cord

Spinal cords extends from

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foramen magnum to the level of the second lumbar vert.

Front 37

Organization of Spinal Cord

Spinal corld contains____ & ____ organized to transmit impulses in the required pattern

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neuronal cell bodies and nerve fibers

Front 38

Organization of Spinal Cord

Spinal nerves at each vertebral level exit the vertebral canal through the

Back 38

intervertebral foramina

Front 39

Organization of Spinal Cord

Spinal cord diameter is increased in cervical and lumbosacral seg. where nerves of the______ arise

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limb plexuses

Front 40

Organization of Spinal Cord

The spinal cord ends at the _______below the __ level of the vertebral canal

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conus medullaris

L2

Front 41

Organization of Spinal Cord

Nerves exiting the vertebral canal at lower levels continue inferior and this collection of elongated motor & sensory nerve rootlets is called

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cauda equina

Front 42

Organization of Spinal Cord

Cross section gray matter is the location of the _____ located centrally

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nerve cell bodies

Arranged in an H shape directed anteroposterior

Front 43

Organization of Spinal Cord

White matter contains nerve fibers is _____.

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peripheral

Front 44

Organization of Spinal Cord

Anterior (ventral) horns contain vertical columns of cell bodies of

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somatic motor neurons

Front 45

Organization of Spinal Cord

At the level of T1-L2 spinal levels a lateral horn is present forming an

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intermediolateral cell column of sympathetic pregang neurons of the ANS

Front 46

Meningeal Coverings

Name the 3 connective layers of the verterbral canal

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dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Front 47

Meningeal Coverings

tough outermost coverfing of the cord separated from the vertevral body and arch by a venous plexus and fat

Back 47

dura mater

Front 48

Meningeal Coverings

a delicate membrane deep to the dura

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arachnoid

Front 49

Meningeal Coverings

lies between the dura and arachnoid layers.

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subdural space

Front 50

Meningeal Coverings

Meningeal Coverings

delicate strands of connective tissue ext from arachniod to the innermost layer (pia)

Back 50

arachnoid trabeculae

Front 51

Meningeal Coverings

is filled with CSF is the space formed by the cobweb-like arachnoid trabeculae

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Subarachnoid space

Front 52

Meningeal Coverings

Widened region of arachnoid below the conus medullaris is called the (bet. vertebral levels L2-S2)

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lumbar cistern

Front 53

Meningeal Coverings

The dura and arachnoid form a sleeve or tube surrounding the spinal cord and or spinal nerves down to vertbral level ___.

Back 53

S2

Front 54

Meningeal Coverings

Below S2 vert level meninges extend out with each segmental nerve as it passes to its

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intevertebral foramen

Front 55

The innermost ___ is closely applied to the spinal cord

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pia mater

Front 56

a specialization of the pia mater is a vertically oriented mebranous sheet that has a continous origin from both lateral borders of the cord

Back 56

Denticulate ligament,

(between foramen the membrane projects laterally to attach the dura mater, lateral border appears serrated.

Front 57

An extension of the pia mater from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris is the

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filum terminale

Front 58

Filum terminale extends from the inferior end of the conus medullaris to insert on the

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coccyx

Front 59

are continous with connective tissue coverings of each spinal nerve at intervertebral foramina and continous with the coverings surrounding the brain

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meninges

Front 60

Vasculature

Anterior spinal artery from the vertebral arteries runs a longitudinal course on the anterior surface of the spinal cord, recv. collateral circulation from the spinal from the

Back 60

radicular arteries (branches of vertebral, deep cerv, ascend cerivcal, post intercostal lumbar and lateral sacral arteries

Front 61

Vasculature

irregular paired vessels taht are branches of the vertebral artery and are also reinforced by radicular arteries

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posterior spinal arteries

(a large radicular art from lower thoracic or upper lumbar supplies 2/3 blood supply to spinal cord

Front 62

Clinically important as occlusion or surgical ligation has disatrous consequences

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Great anterior radicular artery

Front 63

Spinal Nerve Orgainization

How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves segmentally arranged

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8 Cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

Front 64

C1 exits above the vertebra C8 exits below the seventh vert. All others exit the

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vertebral canal

Front 65

Small bundles of nerve fibers that arise segmentally from ant & post of the spinal cord are called

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rootlets (single seg converge into single ant & post roots, ant contains efferent (motor) post contain afferent (sensory)

Front 66

Anterior and Posterior roots of a single spinal level converge to form the

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Spinal nerve near the corresponding intervertebral foramen

Front 67

The posterior roots are the central process of the neurons of the

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dorsal root ganglion (located dorsalateral to the spinal cord within the intervertebral foramina

Front 68

After exiting the intervertebral foramnen the spinal nerve divides into

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ventral (ant) and dorsal (post) primary rami (contain both sens. & motor)

Front 69

Dorsal primary rami send branches that distribute to the

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deep muscles, vasculature and sensory innervation of the back

Front 70

distribute to the remainder of the body

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Ventral primary rami

Front 71

The division of the primary rami the spinal nerve is connected to

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sympathetic trunk by rami communications

Front 72

___ & ____ primary ramiof spinal nerves undergo further branching to reach the area of distribution of the nerve

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Anterior & Posterior

Front 73

Anastomoses of the ventral primary rami of several spinal nerves froms a

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plexus

(different spinal nerve fibers group and regroup to form terminal nerves supplying the exteremity)

Front 74

Dermatomes

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areas of skin supplied by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve

Front 75

Dermatomes follow a ______path

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circumferential path of each spinal nerve around thorax and abdomen, there is overlap.

Front 76

Functional Components of Spinal Nerves

All branches of spinal nerves contain

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somatic motor fibers, somatic sensory fibers, autonomic sensory fibers and autonomic motor fibers

Front 77

carry motor impulses to skeletal muscles

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Somatic motor fibers

Front 78

carry sensory impulses from somatic recpt. inferior to the head plus those in the skin of the post surface of the head

Back 78

somatic sensory fibers

Front 79

carry sensory impulses from .

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autonomic sensory fibers

Front 80

carry impulses to these same areas; smooth muscle, glands and viscera

Back 80

autonomic motor fibers

Front 81

Connective Tissue

composed of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue

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periphreal nerves

Front 82

surrounds the entire nerve and contains fatty tissue, blood, lymph vessels and nerve bundles

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epineurium

Front 83

surrounds each nerve bundle

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perineurium

Front 84

surrounds each nerve fiber

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endoneurium