Anatomy Section 2

Front 1

What makes up the skeletal system?

Back 1

all of the bones of the body plus the joints formed by their attachments to each other (~206)

Front 2

What makes up the axial skeleton?

Back 2

the skull, vertebral column, and anything else that is not part of the appendicular skeleton (80)

Front 3

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Back 3

The bones that make up the limbs plus girdles of attachment (126)

Front 4

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Back 4

protection, support, movement, mineral reservoir, hemopoiesis, energy storage

Front 5

What makes up the Haversian systems?

Back 5

osteocytes, lamella, lacunae, canaliculi, Haversian canal

Front 6

What type of cells do you find in the skeletal system?

Back 6

-osteoprogenitor cells (mesenchyme)
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts

Front 7

How do the osteoprogenitor cells function?

Back 7

bone cells are derived from these cells

Front 8

What does an osteoclast do?

Back 8

differentiates from endosteum and absorbs bone. They break down the wall of a cavity to enlarge it.

Front 9

What are the types of bone and how are they differentiated?

Back 9

according to space in between elements
-spongy(cancellous)
-compact

Front 10

What are the part of a typical long bone?

Back 10

epiphyseal plate, diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, red and yellow bone marrow

Front 11

what makes up the matrix of the skeletal system?

Back 11

-organic framework (33%) - collagen fibers/ground substance
-inorganic salts (67%) - calcium/phosphate salts.

Front 12

what are the types of bone ossification?

Back 12

-intramembranous
-endochondral (intracartilagenous)

Front 13

which bones ossify intramembranously?

Back 13

-flat skull bones
-mandible
-part of clavicla

Front 14

which bones ossify intracartilagenously?

Back 14

-all other bones including long bones

Front 15

where do all bones form from, regardless of how they ossify?

Back 15

the middle layer of embryonic cells (mesoderm)

Front 16

when does intramembranous ossification begin?

Back 16

eight weeks into development

Front 17

1. Describe what happens during intramembranous ossification.

Back 17

-mesenchyme cells differentiate into osteoblasts and start to secrete matrix
-osteoblasts form spicules of matrix

Front 18

2. Describe what happens during intramembranous ossification.

Back 18

-spicules trap osteoblasts in lacuna
-activity slows
-trapped osteoblasts called osteocytes

Front 19

3. Describe what happens during intramembranous ossification.

Back 19

-bone growth proceeds outward from center
-spicules thicken into trabeculae (spongy bone)
-trabeculae connect (compact)

Front 20

1. Describe what happens during endochondral ossification.

Back 20

-bone formation preceded by cartilage model
-cartilage model pulled out to be replaced by bone

Front 21

2. Describe what happens during endochondral ossification.

Back 21

-mesenchyme cells form cartilage model
-perichondrium surrounds cartilage model

Front 22

3. Describe what happens during endochondral ossification.

Back 22

-osteoblasts differentiate on inner surface of perichondrium
-collar of compact bone surrounds cartilage of diaphysis

Front 23

4. Describe what happens during endochondral ossification.

Back 23

-chondrocytes and lacunae in diaphysis enlarge (reducing amount of matrix)
-calcium deposits in remaining matrix (calcified cartilage)

Front 24

5. Describe what happens during endochondral ossification.

Back 24

-Nutrients can't diffuse to chondrocytes
-chondrocyes die leaving hollow spaces

Front 25

6. Describe what happens during endochondral ossification.

Back 25

-blood vessels and osteoprogenitor cells enter matrix from periosteum
-osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts

Front 26

7. Describe what happens during endochondral ossification.

Back 26

-osteoblasts form trabeculae/bone matrix
-this form primary ossification center in diaphysis

Front 27

8. Describe what happens during endochondral ossification.

Back 27

-later, secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses

Front 28

How do long bones increase in lenght?

Back 28

by laying down new bone at epiphyseal plate

Front 29

where do cartilage cells lay down new cartilage?

Back 29

at side of plate toward epiphysis (during growing years)

Front 30

where is cartilage being replaced by bone?

Back 30

at side of plate toward diaphysis

Front 31

how do long bones increase in diameter?

Back 31

-osteoblasts lay down new bone from periosteum
-osteoclasts reabsorb bone from endosteum

Front 32

what are the different possible shapes of bone?

Back 32

-long- arms, legs, hands, feet
-short- carpals, tarsals
-flat- skull
-irregular- everything else

Front 33

describe diploe and where you find it.

Back 33

one layer of spongy bone sandwiched in between 2 layers of compact bone. found in skull, makes skull weigh less, but is still strong

Front 34

name the other types of bone and give examples

Back 34

-sesamoid (patella)
-sutural (lambdoidal suture) - not everyone has them

Front 35

What affects growth of bones?

Back 35

-stress (gravity, function)
-vitamins (A, C, B12, D)
-minerals (Ca, P, Na, Mg)
-hormones (sex, parathyroid, calcitonin, thyroxine, GH)

Front 36

where do you find paranasal sinuses?

Back 36

-frontal
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
-maxillary

Front 37

what are paranasal sinuses?

Back 37

-air spaces in certain skull and face bones
-lined with ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 38

what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Back 38

-lighten skull
-warm air (vascular epith.)
-resonate sound (voice)
-protection (phagocytosis)
-produce mucus (moisture)

Front 39

what are fontanels?

Back 39

large membranous areas between incompletely ossified skull bones which allow for flexibility and skull growth

Front 40

which fontanel is the biggest one and the last to complete ossification (~1-2 years old)

Back 40

anterior- frontal/parietal
bregmatic fontanel

Front 41

Which fontanel finishes ossification around 2 months old?

Back 41

posterior - occipital/parietal
occipital fontanel

Front 42

which fontanels are finished with ossification around 3 months of age?

Back 42

sphenoid - temporal/frontal/parietal/sphenoid
anteriolateral fontanels

Front 43

which fontanels finish ossification at one year old?

Back 43

mastoid - parietal/occipital/temporal
posterolateral fontanels

Front 44

How many bones make up the vertebral column?

Back 44

26

Front 45

Name the curves in the vertebral column.

Back 45

-anterior cervical
-posterior thoracic
-anterior lumbar
-posterior sacral

Front 46

which vertebral curves are primary?

Back 46

-posterior thoracic
-posterior sacral

Front 47

what signifies the formation of the secondary curves?

Back 47

-anterior cervical - hold up head
-anterior lumbar - can stand up on own

Front 48

what is the purpose of vertebral curves?

Back 48

-increase strength, resilience, flexibility of spine
-maintain balance, absorb shock, protect from fracture.