Anatomy Second Exam Practice

Front 1

synarthrosis

Back 1

immovable joint

Front 2

amphiarthrosis

Back 2

slightly movable join

Front 3

diarthrosis

Back 3

freely movable joint

Front 4

Dense regular CT
Location, type of fibers, cells

Back 4

Location: lingaments and tendons
fibers: collagen fibers
cells: fibroblasts

Front 5

Dense irregular CT
Location, type of fibers, cells

Back 5

location: Dermis, pericardim, heart valves, periosteum
fibers: collagen fibers
cells:

Front 6

Elastic CT
Location, type of fibers, cells

Back 6

location: lung tissue, elastic arteries
TOF: elastic fibers
cells: fibroblasts

Front 7

Greenstick

Back 7

partial fracture; one side of the bone breaks , the other bends

Front 8

compound fracture

Back 8

one or both ends of the brtoken bone pierce skin

Front 9

simple fracture

Back 9

broken bone does not penetrate the skin

Front 10

comminuted fracture

Back 10

bone is splintered into several small fragments between the main parts

Front 11

define bridge bone

which cranium bone consider as bridge bone?

Back 11

unites cranial and facial bones

sphenoid bone

Front 12

define keystone bone

which cranium bone consider as keystone bone?

Back 12

bones that articulates with all other facial bones except the mandible

maxillary bone

Front 13

List all facial bone
which are paired and which aren't?

Back 13

14 facial bone
unpaired: vomer, mandible

paired: maxillae, zygomatics, nasals, lacrimals, palatines, inferior nasal conchae

Front 14

nasal septum made up by what structures?

Back 14

-vomer bones
-perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
-cartilage of septum
-crest of maxillary bone
-crest of palatine bone

Front 15

intervertebral discs
two parts, list and describe

Back 15

nucleus pulposus: inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility

annulus fibrosus: surrounds the nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of a collagen and fibrocartilage

Front 16

what is a joint?

Back 16

the place of contact between bones and
-bones
-cartilage
-teeth

Front 17

how joints are classified?

Back 17

by types of CT and extent of movement

Front 18

what are the muscles that attach to mastoid process and styloid process

Back 18

mastoid: attachment for muscles that rotates the head

styloid: attachment for tongue and hyoid muscle

Front 19

synchondroses

Back 19

-bones held together by hyaline cartilage
-synarthroses

Front 20

syndesmoses

Back 20

- syndesmos = a fastening
- bones joined by dense regular CT in bundles or in sheets
- amphiarthroses

Front 21

gomphoses

Back 21

- gum area
- peg in a socket
- articulation betwwen roots of teeth and sockets of mandibles and maxillae
- periodontal ligaments hold teeth firmly in place
-synarthrosis

Front 22

synostosis

Back 22

the abnormal development of a joint

Front 23

What are Wormian bones?

Back 23

found within lambdoid suture; number is variable

Front 24

Strongest facial bone?

Back 24

mandible

Front 25

Function of lacrimal fossa (groove)?

Back 25

houses the lacrimal sac

Front 26

What bones make up the hard palate?

Back 26

palatine bones and maxillae

Front 27

Ribs: What are true ribs? False? Floating?

Back 27

True ribs: rib 1-7; they connect individually to sternum by separate cartilaginous extension called costal cartilages

False ribs: rib 8-10; their costal cartilages attach indirectly to sternum. their costal cartilages fuse with the costal cartilages of rib 7, thus indirectly articulate with sternum

Floating ribs: ribs 11-12; no connection with sternum.

Front 28

Frontal bone: Function of frontal crest

Back 28

attachment of the falx cerebri

Front 29

Functions of the vertebral column

Back 29

-provides vertical support for the body
-supports the weight of the head
-helps to maintain upright body position
-helps to transfer axial skeltal weight to the appendicular skelton of the lower limbs
-houses and protects the delicate spinal cord and provides a passage way for spinal nerves connecting to the spinal cord

Front 30

what is the function of hyoid?
what muscles attach to it?

Back 30

attachment for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing and speech

Front 31

What carpals articulate with the radius?

Back 31

lunate, scaphoid, triquetrum

Front 32

Locations of true and false pelves

Back 32

true pelves: inferior to brim

false pelvis: superior to brim

Front 33

Functions of the patella

Back 33

-increase leverage and maintain positions of tendons

-protect knee joints

Front 34

Five functions of the skin

Back 34

-regulation of body temperature
-protection: immuity and resistance
-sensation
-excretion and absorption
-vitamin D synthesis

Front 35

what is flexion, extension, hyperextension

Back 35

flexion: decrease angle between bones

extension: stretching out

hypertention: extension of joints over 180 degree angle

Front 36

what is abduction and adduction

Back 36

abduction: move away from the midline

adduction: move toward the midline

Front 37

what is circumduction?

Back 37

distal end makes a circular motion

Front 38

Location for Pronation, supination

Back 38

forearm
pronation: palms faces down
supinatino: palms faces up

Front 39

Location for Opposition and reposition

Back 39

thumbs
opp: to grasp the object
repo: to release the object

Front 40

Location for Protraction and retraction

Back 40

shoulder
protract: hunch the shoulder

retraction: posteriorly directed movement of a protracted body part

Front 41

Location for Inversion and eversion

Back 41

sole of the foot
inversion: sole of foot turns to face medially
eversion: sole of foot turn to face laterally

Front 42

Location for Elevation and depression

Back 42

mandible
elevation: superior movement
depression: inferior movement

Front 43

List four types of epidermal cells

which is the most abundent

which is the least abundent

Back 43

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells

keratinocytes (90%)

Merkel cells

Front 44

Function of keratinocytes?

Back 44

produce keratin- proteins that helps protect skin from heats, microbes and chemicals

procue lamellae granules- release lipid-rich secretion

Front 45

function of melanocytes?

Back 45

produce melanin- yellow red or brown-black pigments

melanin is packaged in melanosomes that absorbs UV light

Front 46

function of langerhans?

which cell does langerhans carry?

arise from?

Back 46

responsible for immunity and defense

phagocytes

arise from red bone marrow

Front 47

characteristic of smooth muscles

Back 47

not striated
involuntary

Front 48

characteristic of skeletal muscles

Back 48

striated
voluntary
multinucleated

Front 49

characteristic of cardiac muscles

Back 49

striated
involuntary
mononucleated

Front 50

cartilage Interstitial growth

Back 50

-growth in length
-occurs when cartilage is young and pliable
-results from division of existing chondrocytes
-scretes new cartilage matrix

Front 51

define appositional growth of the cartilage

Back 51

-growth in diameter/ width/ thickness
- by growth of stem cells at internal edge of perichondrium
-starts later than interstitial growth

Front 52

Appositional growth for "bones" (not cartilage) occurs within the...?

Back 52

periosteum

Front 53

osteoblashs in periosteum lay down matric in layers called...?

Back 53

circumforential lamellae

Front 54

the interstitial growth for "bones" (not cartilage) happens in..?

Back 54

epiphyseal plate

Front 55

funciton for Vitamin D

deficiency of Vitamin D lead to..?

Back 55

stimulates abosroption and transport of calcium and phosphate ions into blood

rickets and oosteomalacia

Front 56

funciton for Vitamin A

Back 56

stimulates the activity of osteoblasts

Front 57

funciton for Vitamin C

Back 57

for collagen synthesis

Front 58

What is Wolff's law?

what are the dependents (examples)?

Back 58

a bone grows and remodels is depending on the forces or stress placed upon it.

exercise, gravity

Front 59

what are the five layers of epidermis?

from top to bottom

Back 59

stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Front 60

characters and structures for each layers of epidermis.

Back 60

corneum: takes 2 to 4 weeks to get to surface, 20 to 30 layers of dead cells, most superficial layer

lucidum: 2-3(3-4?) layers, occurs only in thick skin

granulosum: 3-5 layers, keratinization and apoptosis begins here, contain keratohyalin and lamellar granules

spinosum: 8-10 layers, attach to desmosomes, contain halngerhans cell

basale: single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells, deepest layer, contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and merkel cells

Front 61

albinism

Back 61

no tyrosinase, the enzyme involves in melanin synthesis

Front 62

vitiligo

Back 62

reduction in melanocytes in an area of skin

Front 63

cyanotic skin

Back 63

lack of oxygenated blood in mucous membranes, nail beds, and skin

Front 64

erythema

Back 64

redness

Front 65

jaundice

Back 65

yellow appearance, build up of bilirubin

Front 66

what is bilirubin?

Back 66

breakdown product of hemoglobin