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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spleen
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an organ where immune cells gather and bacteria is filtered.
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Lymph Nodes
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organs that are located throughout the body, they contain T and B cells; microbes fight against infection here; swell when ill.
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Bacteria
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a single celled organism with no nucleus. There is 'good' and 'bad' bacteria, although it is EVERYWHERE.
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Parasite
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a living organism that uses your body as a host and damages it. EX: tapeworms, lice...
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Virus
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an often disease-causing illness, where organisms need a host to survive. Viruses are non-living and have to be 'rode out.'
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Ebola
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a deadly disease that causes internal bleeding, skin rashes and overall illness as the body shuts down. Infected persons usually die within ten days.
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B-Cells
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white blood cells that are produced in the bone marrow and mature there. They then go on to produce and secrete antibodies.
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T-Helper Cells
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white blood cells that are initially produced in the bone marrow, then mature in the thymus. They direct antibody production response from the B-cells.
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T-Killer Cells
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white blood cells that are initially produced in the bone marrow, then mature in the thymus. They then directly kill infected cells.
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Natural Killer Cells
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a type of white blood cell that releases toxic granules to kill microbes.
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HIV
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus; attacks T-helper cells and gradually weakens the immune systems.
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AIDS
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Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome; CD4 (T-Helper Cell) count is at or under 200 cell/ mm3 blood.
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Antibiotics
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medication used to treat bacterial infections by killing/slowing down the production of bad bacteria. (Yogurt + antibiotics = replaces good bacteria)
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Vaccine
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injects a weakened/dead antigen in order to produce antibodies to fight against it and induce active immunity.
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Triple Cocktail
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administered to HIV positive patients in an attempt to slow down the process of becoming AIDS.
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Macrophage
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a large cell protecting against infection and removing hazards.
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Antigen
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a substance that stimulates production of an antibody.
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Allergy
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when the body recognizes harmful particles as a serious threat and activates immune response.
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Passive Immunity
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transferring of antibodies from one person to another, typically mother to baby.
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Active Immunity
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when exposed to an antigen, the body builds up immunity so we don't get sick with the same thing twice. Can be artificial or natural. (medically administered)
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How is HIV transmitted?
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-sexual contact (some bodily fluids)
-sharing of needles -mother to baby -blood transfusions |
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How do doctors protect themselves from infection?
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-gloves/protective clothing
-cleaning with bleach/chemicals -good hygiene -minimal contact (in serious cases) |
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When HIV first struck the US, who was most affected?
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Homosexual men.
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What are the non-specific external defenses?
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-skin
-mucus membranes -stomach acid -saliva |
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What are non-specific internal defenses?
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-phagocytes
-natural killer cells -fever -inflammatory response |
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What order do the defenses go in?
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1. Non-specific external defense
2. Non-specific internal defense 3. Specific internal defense |
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What are the specific internal defenses?
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B-cells, T-cells, specific immunity, passive immunity, and active immunity.
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What causes an allergy? What are the possible treatments?
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an over-reaction to a harmless particle, causing the body to activate immune response. Treatments: long-term medication can suppress symptoms, and epi-pens are available for serious, emergency reactions.
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What happens in the bone marrow?
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white blood cells are produced and all t-cells start their production there. B-cells begin production AND mature there.
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What happens in the thymus?
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all t-cells mature!
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When a patient gets continually sick and their CD4 count is 205mm3, what would you assume is going on?
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HIV positive is approaching AIDS.
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What does vitamin E do for your immune system?
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increases the production of natural killer cells and B-Cells.
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What does Zinc do for your immune system?
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helps T-Cells to function properly.
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What are the steps of immune response?
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1. Antigen enters cell. 2. Macrophage presents antigen on outside. 3. T-Helper activates immune cells 4. B-cells produce antibodies 5. T-killer destroys infected cells.
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What are the first lines of defense?
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Skin, stomach acid, and intestinal bacteria.
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The goal of the immune system is to...
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protect the body from pathogens.
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Which two body systems make up the immune system?
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Lymphatic and circulatory.
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What is the spleen's job?
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to circulate blood and 'get rid of' old blood.
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What are non-specific defenses also called?
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Innate immunity!
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What is the second line of defense?
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fever, inflammatory response, and natural killer cells...
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Where is blood produced?
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bone marrow.
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Where do T-cells mature?
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THYMUS.
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What is Phagocytosis?
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the process of engulfing the pathogen.
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Pathogen
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a foreign invader that has the potential to cause a disease.
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What initiates the production of antibodies?
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antigen.
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What does HIV attack?
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T-Helper Cells!
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What does HIV do?
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converts RNA into DNA and slowly weakens the immune system.
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Cilia
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nose hairs.
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DNA
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genetic instructions for the cell, each person's DNA is specific to them.
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RNA
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transfers genetic code and creates certain proteins.
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What are the most common pathogens?
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bacteria, funguses, viruses, microbes
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What happens in inflammatory response?
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a chemical signal tells the blood vessels to become permeable. Phagocytes lead to area of invasion, eat up invaders, and signal repair.
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What type of immunity do immunizations encourage?
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active immunity
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Epidemic
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a wide-spread, quickly spreading disease. EX: Polio, HIV, Eboula
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How do T-Helper cells work?
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they activate and direct other cells in immune response.
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How do T-Killer cells work?
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they are activated by T-Helper cells and then go on to kill the infected cells.
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How do B-Cells work?
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they are activated by T-Helper cells and start the production of antibodies.
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What do natural killer cells do?
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they roam the body looking for pathogens.
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How do macrophage work?
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they work by engulfing pathogens.
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What are some healthy things you can do for your immune system? (and body in general!)
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-exercise
-eat healthy, non processed foods -take a multivitamin (or get many from foods) -drink lots of water! |
