Immune System From Chapter 21 Anatomy/physiology

Front 1

Innate (non-specific) Defense System

Back 1

The 'foot soldiers' always prepared, responds within minutes to all foreign substances.

Front 2

Immune System has two intrinsic subsystems...

Back 2

Innate (nonspecific) defencse system
Adaptive (specific) defense system

Front 3

Innate has two subdefense mechanisms

Back 3

**Each are present and FULLY functional at birth:
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE:
- Surface barriers: Skin, Mucosae
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
- Internal Defenses: Phagocytes, NK cells, Inflammation (MOST IMPORTANT), Anti-Microbial Proteins, Fever EACH inhibits the spread of invaders

Front 4

Adaptive Defense System (THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE)

Back 4

- Take longer to attack
-Are deeply intertwined with innate defenses.

Front 5

Innate:
There are 5 "Internal" defense mechanisms

Back 5

- Phagocytes
- Fever
-Inflammation
-Antimicrobial Proteins
- NK cells

Front 6

Skin and mucosae, and their secretions are a barrier to

Back 6

a PHYSICAL barrier to most MICRO-ORGANISMS

Front 7

KERATIN is resistant to:

Back 7

Toxins
weak acids and bases
bacterial enzymes

Front 8

MUCOSAE provides...
name 2

Back 8

- similar mechanical barriers
- lines all the body caities open to exterior, ie mouth

Front 9

Protective Chemicals that inhibit or destroy microbes...
name 5

Back 9

-Skin acidity has a pH of 3-5 and inhibits bacterial growth
-Lipids in sebum and dermcidin in sweat are toxic to bacteria
-Vaginal secretions and urine are very acidic
- HCL and protein-digestingenzymes of stomach mucosae (both kill micro-organisms)
-Lysozyme of saliva and lacrimal fluid (antimicrobial)

Front 10

HYPER-EMIA

Back 10

"Congestion w/ blood' accounting for redness, hear of an inflamed rregion.

Front 11

EXUDATE

Back 11

Fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies...seeps from the blood into the tissue spaces. EXUDATE causes the local swelling, also called edema which presses on adjacent nerve endings, contributing to a sensation of pain.

Front 12

The process where Phagocytes are mobilized to an injured area include 4 steps...

Back 12

1. Leukocytosis -
2. Margination
3. Diapedesis
4. Chemotaxis

Front 13

Internal Defenses: CELLS AND CHEMICALS
remember:F-P.A.I.N

Back 13

-Fever
-Phagocytes
-Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins)
-Inflammatory Response (mast cells>release histamine, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals)
- NK 'Natural Killer cells

Front 14

Free macrophages wander through tissue spaces - give example

Back 14

Alveolar macrophages

Front 15

Fixed Macrophages are permanent residents of some organs - give example

Back 15

- Kupffer cells in liver
- microglia in brain

Front 16

APOPTOSIS

Back 16

Used by NK cells - means "Cell Suicide" for cancer and virus cells

Front 17

Imflammatory Response includes...

Back 17

heat, redness, swelling, pain, impairment of function
- causes discomfort but beneficial
-Confines and disposes of cell debris and pathogens
-Sets the stage for repair

Front 18

Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals F'PAIN

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- Fever
- Phagocytes
- Antimicrobial proteins (interferons)
- Inflammation response (macrphages, WBC, Mast cells, Inflammatory chemicals)
- NK cells, 'Natural Killers'

Front 19

Free Macrophages wander through tissues, give example

Back 19

Alveolar Macrophages

Front 20

Fixed amacrophages are permanent residents of some organs, name examples

Back 20

Kupffer cells in liver and microglia in brain

Front 21

Adaptive Immune - PASA

Back 21

-Protects
-Activates
-Stalks
-Amplifies Inflammatory

Front 22

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE SSM

Back 22

SPECIFIC
SYSTEMIC
MEMORY

Front 23

COMPLETE Antigens
must have 2 characteristics

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Immunogenic - Ability to provoke an immune response
Reactive - ability to react with products of lyphocytes, and antibodies

Front 24

Haptens INCOMPLETE Antigen characteristics 4

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- Small molecules
-NOT immunogenic
-Are Immunogenic when attached to body proteins
-Cause immune system to mount a harmful attack
EXAMPLES: Poison IVY, animal dander, detergents, etc.

Front 25

Immunogenic

Back 25

Ability to initiate an immune response

Front 26

Antigenic Determinants are

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- parts of an antigen that are immunogenic
- antibodies and lyymphocyte receptors bind to them.

Front 27

T or F
Most naturally occurring antigens have numerous antigenic dterminants that mobilize several different lymphocyte populations AND from different kinds of antibodies against it.

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- TRUE

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MHC

Back 28

Major Histocompatibility complex - the basis of graft and transfusion rejection by recipients

Front 29

Cells of the adaptive immune system:
2 Types of lymphocytes...

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- B lymphocytes - HUMORAL immunity "Be Humorous :-)"
- T lymphocytes - T cells are CELL MEDIATED

Front 30

SELF Reactive B Cells undergo 3 possible fates...
** Remember AIR

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- Apoptisis
- Inactivated (if escape marrow)
- Receptor Editing

Front 31

Antigen Presenting Cells
APCs
- 2 characteristics
- 3 major types

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1 Engulf Antigens
2. Present fragments to T cells
MAJOR TYPES:
1. Dendritic cells in connective tissues and epidermis
2. Macrophages in connective
tissue and lymphoid organs
3. B CELLS

Front 32

WBC (leaukocytes)
Memory helper:
"Only 2 job (cytes) but 3 workers named (phil)."

Back 32

2 Cytes
- LYPHOCYTE
-MONOCYTE
3 Phils
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
-Basophil
To remember the order from most numerous to the least:
"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas"

Front 33

MACROPHAGES are known as "True ......"

Back 33

True Killers

Front 34

Adaptive Immunity Summary:
"Uses what 3 helpers to identify and destroy nonself substances"

Back 34

-Lyphocytes
-APCs
-Specific molecules, Adaptive immunity is SPECIFIC
**Depends on its cells to
a. communicate with one another
b. recognize antigens by binding to them

Front 35

Humoral Response

Back 35

Antibodies are produced against the challenger -

Front 36

'Stimulated' B cells produce clones bearing the same anitgen specific receptors...T/F

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TRUE

Front 37

T-Cells are usually NOT required to help B cells achieve full activation...T/F

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FALSE

Front 38

Most B clone cells become _______ cells and secrete specific antibodies at a rate of _______ per min up to 4/5 days.

Back 38

- Plasma
-2000
**Clone cells that do NOT become plasma cells, become MEMORY CELLS and can mount an immediate attack on future attacks of the SAME antigen...even years later!

Front 39

Immunological Memory:
-Primary Response characteristics, name 4

Back 39

- First Exposure
-Lag, 3 to 6 days
-Peak 10 days
-Antibody levels decline

Front 40

IgG
IgA
IgM

Back 40

- IgG, Most abundant in primary, secondary response, crosses placenta
- IgA, Helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cell surfaces found in body secretions, saliva, sweat, intestinal juices
-IgM released by plasma cells during the primary immune response

Front 41

Classes of Immunoglobulin Antibodies:
IgD
IgE

Back 41

- IgD attached to the surface of B cell acts as antigen receptor, important in B cell activation
-IgE, Causing histamine to be released found mainly in tonsils skin and mucus. *Tonsils release histomine