Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1. Chapter 1 Vocabulary

Front 1

6 Levels of Body Organization

Back 1

1. Chemical:
2. Cellular:
3. Tissue:
4. Organ:
5. System:
6. Organism:

Front 2

Organ:

Back 2

group of tissues w/ common function

Front 3

System:

Back 3

group of organs w/ common function

Front 4

Organism:

Back 4

contains all systems in the body

Front 5

Responsiveness:

Back 5

ability to detect & respond to changes in internal or external environment

Front 6

Metabolism:

Back 6

all chemical processes in the body

Front 7

Homeostasis: Process of maintaining stable internal environment in the face of…

Back 7

1. changes in external environment as a result of interacting with the world
2. changes in internal environment as a result of carrying out life processes

Front 8

negative feedback systems

Back 8

“Opposite,” not “bad”
Reverses departure from homeostasis, bring variable back to normal

Front 9

Examples of Negative Feed Back System

Back 9

Blood pressure, hormone secretion, blood sugar levels, body water content, body pH levels

Hint 9

Slide example: you are hiking in the sun. You get Hot. Body temp rises causing your body to release a chemical causing you to sweat. Sweat evaporates on the skin and lowers your body temp.

Front 10

Steps of Negative Feedback Loop

Back 10

1. Normal Homeostasis distrubed
2. Receptors: Temp sensors in skin and Hypothalmus
3. Information affects the thermoregulatory center in the brain.
4. Sends commands to the Effectors causing sweat glands to secrete.
5. Normal temp restored. Homeostasis.

Front 11

Physiological Terms:Positive Feedback

Back 11

Less common
Promotes/accelerates departure from homeostasis (i.e., “feed-forward” response)
For specific purpose & duration
Must be controlled or can be “run-away” response
Uterine contractions
Blood clotting

Hint 11

Example:
1. break in blood vessel will cause bleeding
2. Dmged cells release chemicals
3. Clotting begins
4. additional chemicals released and clotting accelorates (positive feed back loop)
5. Blood clot plugs the break in the vessel wall stopping the bleeding.

Front 12

Anatomical Position

Back 12

1. Stand straight, head level, eyes forward, palms forward, toes straight ahead
2. “Reference” position
3. “Left,” “right” for subject, not observer

Front 13

Planes of the Body

Back 13

1. Frontal/Coronal- Anterior-posterior
2. Transverse- Superior-inferior
3. Sagittal- Left-right

Front 14

Anatomical Landmarks:
Abdominopelvic Regions
(9)

Back 14

1. Right/Left Hypoconhriac Region
2. Right/Left Lumbar Region
3. Right/Left Inguinal Region
4. Epigastric Region
5. Umbilical Region
6. Hypogastric Region

Front 15

Directional Terms:
Anterior

Back 15

The Front Surface

Hint 15

The navel is on the Anterior surface of the trunk

Front 16

Directional Terms:
Ventral

Back 16

The belly side. (Equivalent to the Anterior)

Hint 16

The navel is on the VENTRAL surface of the trunk

Front 17

Directional Terms:
Posterior or Dorsal

Back 17

The back surface

Hint 17

the shoulder blade is located posterior to the ribcage

Front 18

Directional Terms:
Superior

Back 18

Above, at a higher level

Hint 18

The cranial border to the pelvis is superior to the high

Front 19

Directional Terms:
Caudal

Back 19

The tail (Coccyx)

Hint 19

the hips are Caudal to the waist

Front 20

Directional Terms:
Inferior

Back 20

Below, at a lower point

Hint 20

The knees are inferior to the hips

Front 21

Directional Terms:
medial

Back 21

Toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane.

Hint 21

Moving medially from the arm across the chest surface brings you to the sternum.

Front 22

Directional Terms:
Lateral

Back 22

Away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsaggital plane.

Hint 22

moving laterally from the nose brings you to the cheek.

Front 23

Directional Terms:
Proximal

Back 23

Toward an attached Base

Hint 23

the thigh is proximal to the foot.

Front 24

Directional Terms:
Distal

Back 24

Away from an attached base.

Hint 24

the fingers are distal to the wrist.

Front 25

Directional Terms:
Superficial

Back 25

At, near, or close to the body's surface

Hint 25

the skin is superficial to underlying structures.

Front 26

Directional Terms:
Deep

Back 26

Farther from the body surface

Hint 26

the bone in the thigh is deep within the muscle.

Front 27

Directional Terms: Sectional Planes
Sagittal

Back 27

Parallel to long axis

Hint 27

A Sagittal section separates right and left portions.

Front 28

Functions of Body Cavity :
1.
2.

Back 28

1. Protect organs from shock and impact.
2. permit changes in size and shape of organ.

Front 29

Body Cavity: Ventral Body Cavity
Subdivides into ___ and ___ during early development

Back 29

Thoracic Cavity
Abdominalpelvic cavity

Front 30

Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity
Surrounded by___and____
Conisists of: ___,___,___,___

Back 30

1. Chest wall and diaphragm
2. Right Pleural Cavity, Mediastinum, Pericardial Cavity, Left Pleural Cavity

Front 31

Body Cavity: Thoracic CavityRight Pleural Cavity: Surrounds ___

Back 31

Right Lung

Front 32

Body Cavity: Thoracic CavityMediastinum: Contains ___

Back 32

the treachea, esophagus, and major vessels

Front 33

Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity
Pericardial Cavity: Surrounds ___

Back 33

Heart

Front 34

Body Cavity: Thoracic Cavity
Left Pleural Cavity: Surrounds ___

Back 34

Left Lung

Front 35

Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains ___,___,___

Back 35

1. Peritoneal Cavity
2. Abdominal Cavity
3. Pelvic Cavity

Front 36

Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Peritoneal Cavity: Extends throughout ___

Back 36

abdominal cavity and into superior portion of pelvic cavity

Front 37

Body Cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity
Pelvic Cavity: contains ___, ___,___

Back 37

1. Urinary bladder
2. reproductive organs
3. last portion of the digestive tract

Front 38

Cavity Points to Note:
Serous membrane:

Back 38

double-layered

Front 39

Serous membrane:
Visceral layer:

Back 39

covers & adheres to viscera

Front 40

Serous membrane:
Peritoneum:

Back 40

serous m. for abd-pelvic cavity

Front 41

Surface Anatomy-

Back 41

A type of Gross Anatomy. Study of general form and superficial markings.

Front 42

Organ system-

Back 42

groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner.

Front 43

Developmental Anatomy-

Back 43

A type of Gross Anatomy. Describes the changes in form from conception and physical maturity.

Front 44

What are the two major divisions of Microscopic Anatomy?

Back 44

Cytology and Histology.

Front 45

Cytology-

Back 45

The study of internal structure of individual cells.

Front 46

Histology-

Back 46

examination of tissues.

Front 47

Cells-

Back 47

The smallest unit of life

Front 48

Tissues

Back 48

groups of specialized cells that work together to preform a specific function.

Front 49

Tissues combine to form

Back 49

Organs

Front 50

Human Physiology-

Back 50

Study of the functions of the human body

Front 51

Levels of Organization:
The Chemical/Molecular Level-

Back 51

Atoms

Front 52

Levels of Organization:
The Cellular Level

Back 52

Cells

Front 53

Levels of Organization:
Tissue Level

Back 53

Tissue

Front 54

Levels of Organization:
Organ Level

Back 54

Organs

Front 55

Levels of Organization:
Organ System Level

Back 55

Organ system.

Front 56

Levels of Organization:
Organism Level

Back 56

Organisms

Front 57

Homeostasis

Back 57

the tendency toward internal balance.

Front 58

Homeostatic Regulation

Back 58

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis.

Front 59

Autoregulation-

Back 59

intrinsic regulation. When a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its activities in response to environmental change

Front 60

Three parts of a Homeostatic Regulatory System-

Back 60

1. Receptor
2. Control Center
3. Effector

Front 61

Homeostatic Regulatory System:
Receptor (1st step)

Back 61

a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus/environmental change.

Front 62

Homeostatic Regulatory System:
Effector (3rd step)

Back 62

a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whos activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.

Front 63

State of Equalibirium

Back 63

exists when opposing processes are in balance. example: in the body- rate of heat loss= rate of heat production.

Front 64

Atoms

Back 64

Smallest stable units of matter.

Front 65

Major elements

Back 65

(96% of you): O, C, H, N

Front 66

Molecule:

Back 66

combination of 2 or more atoms. Often will be atoms from same element

Front 67

Enzyme:

Back 67

special proteins that lower the activation energy of a reaction, speed it up. A type of catalyst. Generally end in “-ase”. Ex. Telomerase.

Front 68

Inorganic Chemistry:

Back 68

Simple smaller molecules
no C-H bonds
H2O, CO2, O2, acids, bases, salts

Front 69

Organic Chemistry:

Back 69

Complex (often larger) molecules, C-H bonds
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 70

Water is the most-

Back 70

Most abundant chemical in body

Front 71

Physical/chemical characteristics of Water: 1-6?

Back 71

Absorb/release heat slowly
Hydrogen bonds
Breaks ionic bonds
Solvent
Lubricant
Common in chem rxns

Front 72

Hydrophilic:

Back 72

“water-loving”

Front 73

Hydrophobic:

Back 73

“water-fearing”

Front 74

Acid:

Back 74

H+ donor (HCl, citric, acetic, ascorbic)

Front 75

Base:

Back 75

OH- donor (KOH, NaOH)

Front 76

Acid + base =

Back 76

neutral

Front 77

pH:

Back 77

measure of H+ in a solution

Front 78

Scale:
Neutral:
Physiological:

Back 78

Scale 0-14 (log)
Neutral: 7
Physiological: 7.4

Front 79

Buffer:

Back 79

can absorb excess H+ (if too acidic) or release H+ (if too basic) to maintain pH- example of this is Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system

Front 80

Carbohydrates:

Back 80

Family of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, glycogen, & cellulose

Front 81

Carbohydrates: are an important source of

Back 81

energy

Front 82

Carbohydrates are made of rings of :
have a _:_ ratio
example:

Back 82

Made of rings of C, H, O
1:2:1
C6H12O6: glucose

Front 83

Lipids are Hydrophobic or Hydrophillic? Why?

Back 83

Hydrophobic (C-H groups non-polar)

Front 84

Lipids: Phospholipids Diagram

Back 84

Lipids: Phospholipids Diagram

Front 85

Ribonucleic acid

Back 85

(RNA)—the builders

Front 86

ATP is the

Back 86

Energy currency

Front 87

Cytology

Back 87

The study of cells

Front 88

The Cell:
Plasma/Cell membrane: General functions

Back 88

1. Physical isolation
2. Regulation of exchange of material between inside and outside
3. Sensitivity to the environment
4. Structural support.

Front 89

Plasma Membrane:
Functions

Back 89

Barrier btwn inside, outside of cell
Regulate exchange w/ environment
Receive signals (chemical, mechanical)

Front 90

Plasma Membrane:
Membrane structures - support function

Back 90

Phospholipid bilayer: barrier
Cholesterol: reinforce barrier, anchors proteins
Proteins: control entry, receive/transmit signals (receptors), anchor, recognition, enzymes
CHOs: lubricate, protect, anchor

Front 91

Plasma Membrane:
Phospholipid bilayer:

Back 91

barrier

Front 92

Plasma Membrane:
Proteins:

Back 92

control entry, receive/transmit signals (receptors), anchor, recognition, enzymes

Front 93

Plasma Membrane
CHOs:

Back 93

lubricate, protect, anchor

Front 94

Plasma Membrane:
Integral Proteins

Back 94

Span the width of the membrane one or more times- transmembrane proteins.

Front 95

Plasma Membrane:
Anchoring Proteins

Back 95

attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position.

Front 96

Plasma Membrane:
Recognition Proteins

Back 96

recgonize other cells as normal or abnormal.

Front 97

Plasma Membrane:
Receptor Proteins

Back 97

are sensitive to a specific extracellular molecule

Front 98

Plasma Membrane:
Carrier Proteins

Back 98

bind solutes and transport them across the membrane

Front 99

Plasma Membrane:
Channels

Back 99

an integral protein with a central pore that forms a passageway across the membrane.

Front 100

Nucleus:
Nuclear envelope:

Back 100

Double-bilayer membrane

Front 101

Nucleus:
Nucleolus:

Back 101

produce RNA, ribosomes

Front 102

Ribosomes: are responsible for ___.

Back 102

Ribosomes: are responsible for protein synthesis.

Front 103

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) is a network of ___ connected to the nuclear ___, which surrounds the nucleus.

Back 103

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) is a network of intracellular membranes connected to the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus.

Front 104

Membrane Transport:Review of Plasma Membrane
impermeable:

Back 104

lets nothing in or out

Front 105

Membrane Transport:Review of Plasma Membrane
freely permeable:

Back 105

lets anything in or out

Front 106

Membrane Transport:Review of Plasma Membrane
selectively permeable:

Back 106

restricts what/when molecules move across membrane

Front 107

Intracellular: ___the cells
Interstitial: ___cells
Plasma: in the ___

Back 107

Intracellular: inside the cells
Interstitial: between cells
Plasma: in the blood

Front 108

Solutions:
Solvent: liquid that ___
Usually water

Back 108

Solutions:
Solvent: liquid that dissolves
Usually water

Front 109

Solutions:
Solute: ___material
Ions, gases, molecules

Back 109

Solutions:
Solute: dissolved material
Ions, gases, molecules

Front 110

Solution:
Concentration: amt of ___in given volume of ___(abbrev: [ ])
Ex: teaspoons of salt per cup of water

Back 110

Concentration: amt of solute in given volume of solvent (abbrev: [ ])
Ex: teaspoons of salt per cup of water

Front 111

when solutes Move “down [ ] gradient”—no ___required

Back 111

when solutes Move “down [ ] gradient”—no ATP required

Front 112

Equilibrium: all solutes ___

Back 112

equally distributed

Front 113

Diffusion: move something ___[ ] gradient

Back 113

Diffusion: move something down [ ] gradient

Front 114

Simple Diffusion:

Back 114

Simple (hydrophobic/non-polar)

Front 115

Facilitated Diffusion:

Back 115

Facilitated (charged, hydrophilic/polar)

Front 116

Osmosis:

Back 116

mvmt of water down [ ] gradient

Front 117

what affects diffusion

Back 117

what affects diffusion

Front 118

What affects Diffusion?
DEP

Back 118

Distance
Electrical forces
Permeability

Front 119

Simple Diffusion

Back 119

Think food coloring in water or perfume in air.

Front 120

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Requirements for simple diffusion:
Solute travels ___[ ] gradient
Solute able to ___ diffuse thru cell membrane

Back 120

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Requirements for simple diffusion:
Solute travels down [ ] gradient
Solute able to freely diffuse thru cell membrane

Front 121

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Pass right through ___.
Lipid-soluble molecules
O2, CO2
Fatty acids, steroids
Vitamins A,D,E,K

Back 121

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion
Pass right through lipid bilayer
Lipid-soluble molecules
O2, CO2
Fatty acids, steroids
Vitamins A,D,E,K

Front 122

Passive Transport: Simple Diffusion

Back 122

Passive Transport:Facilitated Diffusion

Front 123

Passive Transport: Osmosis (Movement of Water):
Membrane must be ___ to water

Back 123

Passive Transport: Osmosis (Movement of Water):
Membrane must be permeable to water

Front 124

Osmosis: Water moves ___its [ ] gradient.
Area of ___water molecules to ___molecules.
i.e., from area of low solute [ ] to high solute [ ]

Back 124

Osmosis: Water moves down its [ ] gradient
Area of more water molecules to fewer molecules
i.e., from area of low solute [ ] to high solute [ ]

Front 125

Osmotic pressure: force of water movement due to ___

Back 125

Osmotic pressure: force of water movement due to osmotic gradient

Front 126

Osmosis:Tonicity

Back 126

Osmosis:Tonicity

Front 127

Hypertrophy is the increase in the ___of a cell due to the enlargement of its ___. This is seen in Interphase.

Back 127

Hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of a cell due to the enlargement of its component cells. This is seen in Interphase.