Anatomy & Physiology; Skeletal System

Front 1

Os & Osteo

Back 1

Generally refer to bone

Front 2

What tissue is bone?

Back 2

Specialized connective tissues.

Front 3

List the fictions of bones.

Back 3

Support, Protection, Leverage, Storage, Blood cell formation.

Front 4

How are bones attached to muscles?

Back 4

Tendons.

Front 5

How is bone connected to bone?

Back 5

Ligaments.

Front 6

What do bones do with calcium?

Back 6

Store it and deposit it when needed.

Front 7

What is Hematopoiesis?

Back 7

Blood cell formation.

Front 8

What are the types of bone?

Back 8

Cancellous bone & Compact bone.

Front 9

What does Cancellous Bone consist of?

Back 9

Tiny spicules of bone, spaces between the spicule contain Bone Marrow.

Front 10

What does Cancellous Bone do?

Back 10

Makes the skeleton much lighter in weight while still being strong.

Front 11

What does Compact Bone consist of?

Back 11

Dense, heavy & strong. Shafts of long bones & the outside layer of all bones.

Front 12

What are Haversian Systems?

Back 12

Run lengthwise with Compact bones (tightly packed cylinders).

Front 13

What are Haversian Canals?

Back 13

Tubules or canals that run lengthwise through Haversian Systems in the bone.

Front 14

What do Haversian Canals contain?

Back 14

Blood, lymph vessels & nerves in central canal that supply the osteocytes.

Front 15

What are Volkmann Canals?

Back 15

Perpendicular to diaphysis, channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels. Blood vessels join blood vessels in Haversian Canals.

Front 16

What is Periosteum?

Back 16

Membrane that covers outer surface of bones.

Front 17

What is Endosteum?

Back 17

Membrane that lines the hollow interior surfaces of bones.

Front 18

What do Periosteum & Endosteum contain?

Back 18

Osteoblasts.

Front 19

What are the bone formations?

Back 19

Endochondral: grows into & replaces cartilage (most bones)

Intramembranous: develops from fibrous tissue membranes (skull)

Front 20

What are Epiphyseal plates?

Back 20

Growth plates. Cartilage located between diaphysis & epiphyses of bone.

Front 21

What are the types of bone marrow?

Back 21

Red & Yellow.

Front 22

Where do we see red bone marrow?

Back 22

Young animals, ends of some long bones & some areas of pelvic bones in old animals.

Front 23

Where do we find yellow bone marrow?

Back 23

Adult animals.

Front 24

Where do we find yellow bone marrow?

Back 24

Adult animals.

Front 25

What does Yellow bone marrow consist of?

Back 25

Adipose connective tissue (fat) Can revert back to red bone marrow if needed.

Front 26

What are the basic bone shapes?

Back 26

Long: Metatarsal

Short: Carpal

Flat: Scapula

Irregular: Pelvis

Front 27

What are Osteoblasts?

Back 27

Cells that produce bones.

Front 28

What are Osteoblasts?

Back 28

Cells that produce bones.

Front 29

What are Osteocytes?

Back 29

Trapped in bone/matrix. Can revert back to cells that produce bone in situations where is needed.

Front 30

What are Osteoblasts?

Back 30

Cells that produce bones.

Front 31

What are Osteocytes?

Back 31

Trapped in bone/matrix. Can revert back to cells that produce bone in situations where is needed.

Front 32

What are osteoclasts?

Back 32

Remove/remodel bone. Allows body to use calcium store if needed.

Front 33

What are Articular Surface (joint surfaces)?

Back 33

Condyle, head & facet.

Front 34

What is Condyle & where is it found?

Back 34

Large, cylindrical round articular surface. Found distal end of femur & humerus, back of the head.

Front 35

What is Head & where is it found?

Back 35

Spherical articular surface on the proximal end of long bones. Joint with the shaft of the bone at the neck region. Found on proximal end of femur & humerus, & ribs.

Front 36

What is Head & where is it found?

Back 36

Spherical articular surface on the proximal end of long bones. Joint with the shaft of the bone at the neck region. Found on proximal end of femur & humerus, & ribs.

Front 37

What is Facet & where is it found?

Back 37

Flat articular surface (sometimes slightly curved). Found in carpus & tarsus.

Front 38

What are Processes?

Back 38

Projections off a bone surface. Spot where tendons attach.

Front 39

What are Processes?

Back 39

Projections off a bone surface. Spot where tendons attach.

Front 40

What are some Processes?

Back 40

Spinous process of a vertebrae

Trochanter on the femur

Tuberosity on the ischium

Spine on the scapula

Wing on the atlas

Front 41

What is a Foramen/Foramina?

Back 41

Hole in a bone; may contain blood vessels, nerves.

Front 42

What is a Fossa?

Back 42

Depressed area on the surface of a bone. Usually occupied by muscles or tendons.

Front 43

What is the Axial Skeleton?

Back 43

Skull, Spinal Column, Ribs, Sternum.

Front 44

How many bones is the skull?

Back 44

37-38. Most skull bones are joints called sutures.

Front 45

How are bones of the skull grouped?

Back 45

Bones of the cranium, bones of the face & bones of the ears.

Front 46

What joint type connects the mandible to the skull?

Back 46

Synovial joint.

Front 47

What are the categories of bones of the skull.

Back 47

External & internal.

Front 48

What are the external bones of the cranium?

Back 48

Frontal bones (2), Interparietal bones (2), Occipital bone (1), Parietal bones (2), Temporal bones (2).

Front 49

What are the external bones of the cranium?

Back 49

Frontal bones (2), Interparietal bones (2), Occipital bone (1), Parietal bones (2), Temporal bones (2).

Front 50

What are the internal bones of the cranium?

Back 50

Ethmoid bone (1), Sphenoid bone (1).

Front 51

Occipital Bone.

Back 51

Single bone that forms the caudoventral portion of the base of the skull; where the spinal cord exits the skull (Foramen Magnum).

Front 52

Occipital Bone.

Back 52

Single bone that forms the caudoventral portion of the base of the skull; where the spinal cord exits the skull (Foramen Magnum).

Front 53

What are Occipital Condyles?

Back 53

Located in Occipital bone. Articulate surfaces that join with the first cervical vertebra. Forms the Altanto-occipital Joint.

Front 54

Parietal bones.

Back 54

The 2 parietal bones form the lateral walls of the cranium. Large & well developed in cats, dogs & humans.

Front 55

Temporal Bones.

Back 55

The 2 temporal bones are central to the parietal bones. Contain middle & inner ear structures. Form the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ).

Front 56

Frontal bones.

Back 56

Form the forehead region of the skull. Some sinus cavities can be found.

Front 57

What are the bones of the ear?

Back 57

Also known as Ossicles. Malleus, Incus, Stapes.

Front 58

What are the external bones of the face?

Back 58

Incisive bones (2), Lacrimal bones (2), Mandible1-2), Maxillary bone (2), Nasal bones (2), Zygomatic bones (2).

Front 59

Incisive bones.

Back 59

House the upper incisor teeth.

Front 60

Incisive bones.

Back 60

House the upper incisor teeth.

Front 61

Nasal bones.

Back 61

Form the bridge of the nose.

Front 62

Incisive bones.

Back 62

House the upper incisor teeth.

Front 63

Nasal bones.

Back 63

Form the bridge of the nose.

Front 64

Maxillary bones.

Back 64

Make up the upper jaw.

Front 65

Incisive bones.

Back 65

House the upper incisor teeth.

Front 66

Nasal bones.

Back 66

Form the bridge of the nose.

Front 67

Maxillary bones.

Back 67

Make up the upper jaw.

Front 68

Zygomatic bones.

Back 68

Join with the temporal bones to make zygomatic arch.

Front 69

Mandible.

Back 69

Bottom jaw.

Front 70

What are the internal bones of the face?

Back 70

Vomer bone (1), Turbinates (4), Pterygoid bones (2), Palatine bones (2).

Front 71

Turbinates.

Back 71

Also called Nasal Conchae. Thin scroll like bones that fill most of the nasal cavity. Covered by most, vascular tissue. Helps warm & humidify the air as well as trap particles.

Front 72

Turbinates.

Back 72

Also called Nasal Conchae. Thin scroll like bones that fill most of the nasal cavity. Covered by most, vascular tissue. Helps warm & humidify the air as well as trap particles.

Front 73

Hyoid bones.

Back 73

Also called the Hyoid Apparatus. Composed of several portions of bone untied by cartilage. Supports the base of the tongue, pharynx, larynx & helps animals swallow.

Front 74

Turbinates.

Back 74

Also called Nasal Conchae. Thin scroll like bones that fill most of the nasal cavity. Covered by most, vascular tissue. Helps warm & humidify the air as well as trap particles.

Front 75

Hyoid bones.

Back 75

Also called the Hyoid Apparatus. Composed of several portions of bone untied by cartilage. Supports the base of the tongue, pharynx, larynx & helps animals swallow.

Front 76

What does Vertebrae consist of?

Back 76

Body, an arch & processes.

Front 77

Turbinates.

Back 77

Also called Nasal Conchae. Thin scroll like bones that fill most of the nasal cavity. Covered by most, vascular tissue. Helps warm & humidify the air as well as trap particles.

Front 78

Hyoid bones.

Back 78

Also called the Hyoid Apparatus. Composed of several portions of bone untied by cartilage. Supports the base of the tongue, pharynx, larynx & helps animals swallow.

Front 79

What does Vertebrae consist of?

Back 79

Body, an arch & processes.

Front 80

What are Intervertebral disks?

Back 80

Cartilage separating bodies of adjacent vertebrae.

Front 81

What do Vertebrae arches line up to form?

Back 81

The spinal canal.

Front 82

What processes does the vertebrae contain?

Back 82

Spinous process, Transverse processes, Articular Processes.

Front 83

What are the Vertebral regions?

Back 83

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal.

Front 84

C1 Atlas.

Back 84

Holds up the head. Processes called Wings of the Atlas. Joined with the head by the Atlantoccipital Joint.

Front 85

C1 Atlas.

Back 85

Holds up the head. Processes called Wings of the Atlas. Joined with the head by the Atlantoccipital Joint.

Front 86

C2 Axis.

Back 86

Joined with the Atlas in a joint called the Atlantoaxial Joint.

Front 87

Ribs.

Back 87

Flat bones that form lateral walls of the thorax. Dorsal heads of ribs articulate with thoracic vertebrae.

Front 88

What is Costal Cartilage?

Back 88

Ventral ends of the ribs. Joins the sternum or costal cartilage ahead of them.

Front 89

What are Costochondral Junction?

Back 89

Area where costal cartilage meets bony rib.

Front 90

What are floating ribs?

Back 90

Cartilage does not join anything at all. Offer end in the muscle of the thoracic wall.

Front 91

Sternum.

Back 91

Also called the breastbone. Forms the floor of the thorax.

Front 92

What is the Manubrium?

Back 92

Most cranial portion of sternum.

Front 93

What is the Xiphoid process?

Back 93

Most caudal portion of the sternum.

Front 94

What are the bones of the Thoracic (front) limbs?

Back 94

Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpal bones (carpus), Metacarpal bones, Phalanges.

Front 95

What are the bones of the Pelvic limb?

Back 95

Pelvis; Illium, Ischium, Pubis. Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsal bones (tarsus), Metatarsal bones, Phalanges.

Front 96

Scapula.

Back 96

Flat, triangular bone. Forms portion of the shoulder joint.

Front 97

What is the spine of the scapula?

Back 97

Longitudinal ridge on the lateral surface.

Front 98

What is the spine of the scapula?

Back 98

Longitudinal ridge on the lateral surface.

Front 99

What is the Glenoid cavity?

Back 99

Shallow, concave articular surface.

Front 100

Humerus.

Back 100

Long bone of the Brachium (arm). Forms portion of the shoulder & elbow joint.

Front 101

What are Tubercles?

Back 101

Processes where shoulder muscles attach.

Front 102

What are condyles?

Back 102

Articular surfaces.

Front 103

What is Trochlea?

Back 103

Articulates with Ulna.

Front 104

What is Capitulum?

Back 104

Articulates with Radius.

Front 105

What is Olecranon Fossa?

Back 105

Indentation above condyle.

Front 106

What are Epicondyles?

Back 106

Non Articular.

Front 107

Ulna.

Back 107

Olecranon process: point of the elbow. Site for tendon attachment of triceps brachii.

Front 108

What is Trochlear notch?

Back 108

Concave Articular surface.

Front 109

Radius.

Back 109

Main weight bearing bone of the Antebrachium. Articulates with humerus & ulna. Styloid proxess articulates with Carpus.

Front 110

Radius.

Back 110

Main weight bearing bone of the Antebrachium. Articulates with humerus & ulna. Styloid proxess articulates with Carpus.

Front 111

Carpus.

Back 111

Two rows of carpal bones. Proximal row bones are named. Distal row bones are numbered medial to lateral.

Front 112

Metacarpal bones.

Back 112

Extend distally from distal carpal bones to proximal phalanges. Numbered medial to lateral. Dewclaw=1. No declaw start at 2.

Front 113

Horses metacarpal bones.

Back 113

One late metacarpal bone (cannon bone). Two smaller vestigial metacarpal bones (splint bones); non weight bearing.

Front 114

Horse thoracic limb phalanges.

Back 114

1 digit with 3 phalanges. 1. Proximal phalanx (Long pastern bone). 2. Middle phalanx (Short pastern bone). 3. Distal phalanx (Coffin bone) Also has Sesamoid bones.

Front 115

Cattle Metacarpal bones.

Back 115

Two fused metacarpal bones (bones 3 & 4). 4 digits on each limb. Two support weight, two are vestigial (dewclaws). Each digit has a proximal, middle & distal phalanx. Also has proximal distal sesamoid bones.

Front 116

Canine & feline thoracic limb phalanges.

Back 116

Digit 1 (dewclaw): one proximal & one distal phalanx (2). Digits 2-5: a proximal, a middle & a distal phalanx (3).

Front 117

Pelvis.

Back 117

3 fused bones; Ilium, Ischium, Pubis.

Front 118

Pelvis.

Back 118

3 fused bones; Ilium, Ischium, Pubis.

Front 119

What is Pelvic Symphysis?

Back 119

Cartilaginous joint between the two halves of the pelvis.

Front 120

Ilium.

Back 120

Projects in dorsocranial direction. Forms Sacroiliac joint with the sacrum. Wings of the Ilium processes.

Front 121

Ilium.

Back 121

Projects in dorsocranial direction. Forms Sacroiliac joint with the sacrum. Wings of the Ilium processes.

Front 122

Ischium.

Back 122

Caudal most pelvic bone. Forms caudal portion of the pelvic floor.

Front 123

Pubis.

Back 123

Forms cranial portion of the pelvic floor.

Front 124

Femur.

Back 124

Proximal end forms part of Coxodemoral Joint (hip). Femoral head fits deeply into Acetabulum of pelvis. Shaft extends downward to form the stifle joint with patella & tibia.

Front 125

What are Trochanters of femur?

Back 125

Processes where hip & thigh muscles attach.

Front 126

What is Trochlea?

Back 126

Articular groove containing the patella. Also called Trochlear Groove.

Front 127

Patella.

Back 127

Largest sesamoid bone in the body. Formed in the distal tendon of the quadriceps femora’s muscle. Protects the tendon. Knee cap.

Front 128

Patella.

Back 128

Largest sesamoid bone in the body. Formed in the distal tendon of the quadriceps femora’s muscle. Protects the tendon. Knee cap.

Front 129

Fabellae.

Back 129

Two small sesamoid bones in proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendons of cats & dogs. Not present in cows or horses.

Front 130

Tibia.

Back 130

Main weight bearing bone of lower limb. Forms the stifle joint with the femur, the hock with the tarsus.

Front 131

Tibia.

Back 131

Main weight bearing bone of lower limb. Forms the stifle joint with the femur, the hock with the tarsus.

Front 132

Fibula.

Back 132

Parallel to Tibia. Not weight bearing. Serves as a muscle attachment site. Lateral Malleolis: Know like Process.

Front 133

Fibula.

Back 133

Parallel to Tibia. Not weight bearing. Serves as a muscle attachment site. Lateral Malleolus: Know like Process.

Front 134

Tarsus.

Back 134

Hock. 2 rows of tarsal bones: proximal row is named, distal row is numbered medial to lateral.

Front 135

Tarsus.

Back 135

Hock. 2 rows of tarsal bones: proximal row is named, distal row is numbered medial to lateral.

Front 136

What is Calcaneal Tuberosity?

Back 136

Point of attachment for the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle.

Front 137

Metatarsal bones.

Back 137

Dogs & cats: 4 metatarsal bones (2-5). Horses: one large metatarsal bone (Cannon bone) & two small metatarsal bones (Splint bones)

Front 138

Visceral skeleton.

Back 138

Bones that form in organs. Os Cordis: cows & sheep Os Penis: dogs & walruses, beaver & racoons Os Rostri: nose of pigs

Front 139

What are the classifications of joints?

Back 139

Fibrous joints: immovable (suture joints in skull)

Cartilaginous joints: slightly movable ( between two sides of mandible or Pubic symphysis)

Synovial joint: freely movable (stifle, carpus, shoulder, hip).

Front 140

Fibrous joints.

Back 140

Technical term: Synarthroses. Provides very little to no movement. United by fibrous tissue.

Front 141

Cartilaginous joints.

Back 141

Technical term: Amphiarthroses Slightt movable, capable of slight rocking movement.

Front 142

Synovial joints.

Back 142

Technical term: Diarthroses Most common & most movable joint.

Front 143

What are the components of Synovial joints/Diarthroses?

Back 143

Articular surfaces on bone.

Articular cartilage (hyaline) covering Articular surfaces.

Fluid filled joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule. Synovial membrane & Synovial Fluid.

Ligaments- fibrous connective tissue.

Front 144

What are Synovial joint movements?

Back 144

Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Rotation, Circumduction.

Front 145

Flexion & Extension.

Back 145

Opposite movements. Increase or decrease the angle between two bones.

Front 146

Adduction & Abduction.

Back 146

Opposite movements. Move an extremity toward or away from medial plane.

Front 147

Rotation.

Back 147

Twisting movement of part on its own axis.

Front 148

Circumduction.

Back 148

Movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in circle.

Front 149

What are types of Synovial joints?

Back 149

Hinge Joints

Gliding Joints

Pivot Joints

Ball & Socket Joints

Front 150

Hinge joints.

Back 150

Ginglymus Joints. One joint surface swivels around another. Only capable of Flexion & extension. Ex, Elbow joint.

Front 151

Gliding joints.

Back 151

Arthrodial Joints. Rocking motion of one joint surface on the other. Primarily capable of Flexion & Extension. Adduction & Abduction are possible. Ex, Carpus.

Front 152

Pivot joints.

Back 152

Trochoid Joints. One bone pivots (rotates) on another. Only capable of rotation. Ex, atlanto-axial joint.

Front 153

Ball & Socket Joints.

Back 153

Spheroidal joints. Allow for all joint movements. Ex, shoulder & hip joints.