Anatomy/physiology Review 5&6

Front 1

Describe the major functions of the skin?

Back 1

- Major line in defense against disease causing organisms.
- Prevents excess loss of fluids and materials
- Helps maintain temperature

Front 2

Major characteristics of the skin?

Back 2

-2 layers epidermis and dermis
- epidermis in 5 layers
- Dermis connective contains glands, vessels, nerves

Front 3

Epidermis

Back 3

superficial layer of skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

Front 4

Straturn corneum

Back 4

dead tissue in epidermis

Front 5

Dermis

Back 5

thickest layer of the skin, below the epidermis, composed of blood vessels, nerves, smooth muscle and elastic and collangeous fibers.

Front 6

Blood vessels

Back 6

capillaries and venules disperse throughout the dermis.

Front 7

Nerves

Back 7

nerve endings in the dermis

Front 8

Sweat glands-

Back 8

simple, coiled tubular gland associated with a hair follicle within the axillary and pubic regions.

Front 9

Sebaceous glands

Back 9

oil gland associated with a hair follicle

Front 10

Arrector pili muscle

Back 10

bundle of smooth muscle fibers connected to the hair follicle.

Front 11

Hair shaft

Back 11

visible, nonliving portion of hair.

Front 12

Cortex

Back 12

layer of pigment

Front 13

Medulla

Back 13

center of hair shaft

Front 14

Cuticle

Back 14

outmost, cells layered in singles.

Front 15

Root

Back 15

same three layers

Front 16

Follicle

Back 16

surrounds the root, two layers, external root sheath, internal root sheath

Front 17

Bulb

Back 17

enlarged base of the hair that receives nutrients from blood vessels, composed of external and internal root sheath

Front 18

Papilla

Back 18

blood vessels, growth, nerves

Front 19

Matrix

Back 19

where the hair grows

Front 20

Nail Matrix

Back 20

epithelial cells, adds length

Front 21

Cuticle-

Back 21

external surface, proximal, extension of the epidermis

Front 22

Process of deep wound healing (page 128)

Back 22

Process of deep wound healing (page 128)

Front 23

Process of deep wound healing Stage one

Back 23

1. Inflammation- vasodilatation, opening of cell vessels, enlarged to fight off. Brings in white blood cells and fibroblasts.

Front 24

Process of deep wound healing Stage two

Back 24

2. Blood clot forms- unites the 2 edges of the wound

Front 25

Process of deep wound healing Stage three

Back 25

3. Clot becomes scab- epithelial tissue grows under scab, to “bridge” the gap.

Front 26

Process of deep wound healing Stage four

Back 26

4. Blood vessels are repaired

Front 27

Process of deep wound healing Stage five

Back 27

5. Maturation- final stage, when scab comes off.

Front 28

Hypertrophic

Back 28

scar produces too scar tissue, elevating about the normal epidermis tissue

Front 29

Keloid-

Back 29

too much scar tissue beyond the boarders of the scar.

Front 30

Indicate the approximate weeks that mark the beginning of embryonic bone growth.

Back 30

Begins in the 6th-8th week

Front 31

Intamemebranous

Back 31

flat bones within the membrane

Front 32

Endochondral

Back 32

long bones within the cartilage

Front 33

3. Describe in detail the sequential steps in endochondral bone formation.
See page in packet

Back 33

3. Describe in detail the sequential steps in endochondral bone formation.
See page in packet

Front 34

Identify the parts of a long bone-

Back 34

longer than they are wide, such as the humerus

Front 35

Lamellae

Back 35

weight- bearing, column like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen.

Front 36

Haversain canals

Back 36

(central canals) central channel containing blood vessels and nerves

Front 37

Osteocytes-

Back 37

mature bone cells

Front 38

Osteoblasts

Back 38

bone- forming cells

Front 39

Lacunae

Back 39

small cavities in the bone contain osteocytes

Front 40

Canaliculi

Back 40

hair like canals that contain cytoplasm projections and connect lacunae to each other and central canals.

Front 41

Four Bone cells

Back 41

Osteoprogentiors
Osteobalsts
Osteocytes
Oseoclasts

Front 42

Osteoprogentiors cells

Back 42

unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme. Only bone cells to undergo cell division.

Front 43

Oseoclasts

Back 43

huge cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

Front 44

Yellow bone marrow

Back 44

found in marrow, medullary cavity of long bones
Composed mostly of fat cells

Front 45

Red Bone Marrow

Back 45

found in spongy bone
Composed of blood, forming tissue and some fat.

Front 46

8. Review Bone Metabolism

Back 46

8. Review Bone Metabolism

Front 47

Comminuted

Back 47

bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in elderly

Front 48

Spiral

Back 48

ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common in sport injury

Front 49

Depressed

Back 49

broken bone portions pressed inward, typical in skull fracture

Front 50

Compression

Back 50

bone is crushed; common in porous bones

Front 51

Epiphyseal

Back 51

epiphysis separates from diaphsis along epiphysis seal line; occurs where cartilage cells are dying

Front 52

Greenstick

Back 52

one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other end of the fracture bone.

Front 53

Impacted

Back 53

one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other end of the fractured bone

Front 54

Stress

Back 54

a series of microscopic fissure in the bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissue

Front 55

axial skeleton

Back 55

bone of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage

Front 56

appendicular skeleton

Back 56

bone of the upper and lower limbs and shoulder and hips.

Front 57

Long bones

Back 57

longer than they are wide. Ex. Humerus

Front 58

Short bones

Back 58

cube shaped. Ex. Wrists, ankle

Front 59

Flat bones

Back 59

thin, flattend and a bit curved. Ex. Skull, Ribs, sterum

Front 60

Irregular bones

Back 60

bones with complicated shapes. Ex. Hip bones

Front 61

Sesamoid bones

Back 61

bones that form within tendons. Ex. Palms and feet.