Anatomy & Physiology I, Chapter 4

Front 1

Define Histology

Back 1

study of tissues

Front 2

List the 4 basic tissue types

Back 2

1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous

Front 3

Describe Epithelial tissue

Back 3

lining, covering, secreting, absorbing

Front 4

Describe Connective tissue

Back 4

connects tissues physically or chemically

Front 5

Describe Muscular tissue

Back 5

causes motion, generates heat

Front 6

Describe Nervous tissue

Back 6

connects tissues electrically

Front 7

Composed almost entirely of cells. Cells adhere to each other.

1. Name word for this
2. Name tissue

Back 7

1. Cellular/Cellularity
2. Epithelial Tissue

Front 8

Lacks blood vessels

1. Name word for this
2. Name tissue

Back 8

1. Avascular
2. Epithelial Tissue

Front 9

Epithelial tissue includes

1.
2.

Back 9

1. Glands
2. Epethelium

Front 10

__________ tissue cells are short-lived.

Dead cells are continually replaced by

Back 10

Epithelial tissue

germinative cells and stem cells.

Front 11

________ tissue cells exhibit polarity.

Polarity=

Back 11

Epithelial tissue

=one end attached, one end open to surface

Front 12

_________ tissue forms a protective barrier.

This regulates __________.

Back 12

Epithelial

permeability

Front 13

Apical surface of Epithelial tissue contains

1.
2.
3.

Back 13

1. Microvilli
2. Cilia
3. Stereocilia

Front 14

Basal surface of Epithelial tissue contains

1.
2.

Back 14

1. Basal lamina
2. Receptors

Front 15

Functions of Epithelial

1. Physical _________
2. Controls _________
3. Provides _________
4. Produces _________

Back 15

1. Protection (Membranes – cutaneous, mucous)
2. permeability (Forms walls of capillaries)
3. sensation (touch, vision, taste, smell)
4. specialized secretions (Gastric lining, nasal lining, serous fluid)

Front 16

Epithelial tissue

Basal lamina attaches to

Back 16

underlying surface

Lamina lucida
Lamina densa

Front 17

Epithelial tissues

Cells attach via _________

Back 17

cell adhesion molecules (CAM)

Front 18

Epithelial tissues

Cells attach at specialized cell junctions

1.
2.
3.

Back 18

1. Tight junctions
2. Gap junctions
3. Desosomes

Front 19

Apical Surface

Back 19

an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an organ

Front 20

Basal Surface

Back 20

lower attached surface

Front 21

Epithelia are classified based on two characteristics

1.
2.

Back 21

1. Number of cell layers
2. Shape of apical surface cells

Front 22

Classification of epithelia

Number of cell layers

1. Simple
2. Pseudostratified
3. Stratified

Back 22

1. a single layer
2. a single layer so dense that the nuclei give the appearance of multiple cell layers
3. two or more layers

Front 23

Classification of epithelia

Shape of apical surface cells

1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar

Back 23

1. Thin, translucent, rather irregular
2. Large, centrally-located nuclei
3. Nuclei typically found at basal end of cell
Most diverse in extra features

Front 24

In most epithelia, the basal cells differ in shape from

Back 24

the apical cells

Front 25

Simple Squamous Epithelium

1. Least _______
2. Allows for rapid ________
3. Reduces _____ & ________
4. Provides lubrication via _________.

Back 25

1. protective
2. transport b/w compartments
3. friction and turbulence
4. serous fluid

Front 26

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

1. Most ________
2. Reduces ________________
3. Outermost cells are _____
4. They are replaced by _____

Back 26

1. Protective
2. dehydration, abrasion, invasion by pathogens
-epidermis of skin
-linings of mouth, vagina
3. dead
4. reproducing cells of the basal layer

Front 27

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

1. Regularly shaped cells, as tall as
2. Large, centrally-located
3. Specialized for
4. Specialized for

Back 27

1. they are wide
2. nuclei
3. secretion
-Thyroid gland follicles
-Ovarian follicles
4. absorption
- Kidney tubules

Front 28

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

1. Not
2. Found in

Back 28

1. common
2. sweat glands of skin

Front 29

Simple Columnar Epithelium

1. widespread through
2. Specialized for
3. Specialized for

Back 29

1. body
2. secretion or absorption
-Lining of alimentary canal from stomach to rectum
3. motility
-Ciliated cells lining uterine tubes

Front 30

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

1. Two layers
2. Protective in areas of high

Back 30

1. Basal cells are cuboidal
Apical cells are columnar
2. volume/pressure fluid transport
3.

Front 31

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

1. a single layer of cells appears to be
2. Cells are
3. Second most
4. May be ciliated and secrete
5. Found in

Back 31

1. multiple layers
-All cells touch basement
membrane; not all cells reach lumen
2. densely packed
3. protective epithelium
4. mucus
5. -Epididymis and Vas eferens of male
-Nasal cavity and Trachea

Front 32

Transitional Epithelium

1. tissue transitions from
2. All cells touch
3. so the tissue is
4. It doesn’t stretch – when compressed it can cover more surface area to
5. Found only in
6. Apical cells are
7. When relaxed, it may be confused with
8. When distended, it may be confused with

Back 32

1. thick to thin under pressure
2. basement membrane
3. pseudostratified
4. accommodate the stretching of underlying tissues
5. Ureter and Urinary bladder
6. are larger, more rounded, or dome-shaped compared with basal cells
7. stratified cuboidal epithelium, but stratified cuboidal has only two layers of distinctly cuboidal cells
8. stratified squamous epithelium,but the apical cells and nuclei are still
larger than the basal cells in transitional
epithelium

Front 33

Glandular Epithelia

Exocrine glands

1. Secrete through
2. examples
3. multi or uni cellular

Back 33

1. ducts onto a surface or into a passageway
2. salivary glands, sweat glands, acinar cells of
pancreas
3. multicellular

Front 34

Glandular Epithelia

Endocrine glands

1. Release hormones into
2. examples
3. uni or multi cellular

Back 34

1. blood and tissue fluid
2. thyroid gland, pituitary gland, gonads, islet cells of pancreas
3. unicellular

Front 35

Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion

Name 3

1.
2.
3.

Back 35

1. Merocrine
2. Apocrine
3. Holocrine

Front 36

Merocrine

1. Product released through
2. Example
3. Type of secretion

Back 36

1. exocytosis
2. Eccrine sweat glands, salivary glands
3. Serous

Front 37

Apocrine

1. involves the loss of
2. Example
3. Type of secretion

Back 37

1. both product and cytoplasm
2. Mammary glands
3. Mucous

Front 38

Holocrine

1. destroys
2. Example
3. Type of secretion

Back 38

1. destroys the cell
2. Sebaceous glands
3. Mixed

Front 39

Connective Tissue Characteristics

1. Found where?
2. The most diverse tissue category in what 2 things?
3. Widely distributed in ________ tissues.
4. Tissues may be mostly
5. Or formed from nonliving
6. Variably
7. _________ is common tissue of origin

Back 39

1. throughout the body
2. structure & function.
3. primary
4. cellular
5. extracellular matrix
6. vascular
7. Mesenchyme

Front 40

Connective tissues nonliving extracellular matrix consists of

1.
2.
3.

Back 40

1. ground substance
2. fibers
3. cells

Front 41

Mesenchyme is

Back 41

embryonic connective tissue that develops mainly from the mesoderm

Front 42

Functions of Connective Tissue

1. Establishing a
-ex.
2. Transporting
-ex.
3. Protecting
-ex.
4. Supporting
-ex.
5. Storing
-ex.
6. Defending
-ex.

Back 42

1. structural framework
-Bone, Cartilage
2. fluids and dissolved materials
-Blood
3. delicate organs
-Adipose, Areolar
4. surrounding, interconnecting tissues
-Connective Tissues Proper
5. energy reserves and minerals
-Adipose
6. the body from microorganisms
-Lymph

Front 43

Connective tissues nonliving extracellular matrix

1. Ground substance is
2. Fibers are
3. Cells are

Back 43

1. unstructured material that fills the space between cells
2. collagen, elastic, or reticular
3. fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells

Front 44

Connective Tissues Proper functions


1.____ produce the fibers
2.____ engulf pathogens
3.____ fat-storing cells
4.____ stem cells
5.____ pigment producers
6.____ trigger inflammation
7.____ attack foreign antigens
8.____ engulf cell remnants

Back 44

a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell population

1. Fibroblasts
2. Macrophages
3. Adipocytes
4. Mesenchymal cells
5. Melanocytes
6. Mast cells
7. Lymphocytes
8. Microphages

Front 45

Connective Tissues Proper

Fibers

3 Types
1.
2.
3.

Back 45

1. Collagen
2. Reticular
3. Elastic

Front 46

Connective Tissues Proper
Fibers

1. Collagen
2. Reticular fibers
3. Elastic fibers

Back 46

1. – flexible, but high tensile strength. white fibers
2. thin, branching fibers form supporting network for cells located in fluid-filled organs (like the spleen or the liver)
3. branched, coiled fibers that return to their original length and shape after stretching. (yellow fibers)

Front 47

Connective Tissues Proper
Ground Substances Composition

1. ________ fluid
2. Adhesion proteins -
3. Proteoglycans

Back 47

1. Interstitial (tissue)
2. fibronectin and laminin – serve as “glue” to allow CT cells to attach themselves to matrix elements.
3. glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

Front 48

Connective Tissues Proper
Cells

1. found connective tissue proper
2. cartilage
3. bone
4. stem cells – blood
5. White blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and mast cells

Back 48

1. fibroblasts
2. Chondroblasts
3. Osteoblasts
4. Hematopoietic
5. Immune system cells

Front 49

Embryonic Connective Tissue

1. called
2. found in the
3. give rise to
4. ______ ground substance and with _____ & _____ shaped mesenchymal cells

Back 49

1. Mesenchyme
2. embryo
3. all other connective tissue
4.

Front 50

Areolar connective tissue proper- loose

1. Gel-like matrix with
2. name 4 types of cells
3. Wraps and cushions
4. Widely distributed
5. Underlies all
6. Well

Back 50

1. all three connective tissue fibers
2. Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
3. organs
4. throughout the body
5. Epithelia
6. vascularized

Front 51

Adipose connective tissue proper- loose

1. Matrix similar to
2. Found
3. Local fat deposits serve
4. Reserves
5. insulates against
6. Produces and stores

Back 51

1. areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes
2. under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, and in breasts
3. nutrient needs of highly active organs
4. food stores
5. heat loss, supports, cushions and protects
6. hormones

Front 52

Reticular connective tissue proper- loose

1. Loose ground substance with
2. Forms a soft
3. Functional cells, called
4. Found in

Back 52

1. reticular fibers
2. internal skeleton, or stroma, that supports other cell types
3. parenchyma, are supported by the fibers.
4. lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen (organs that contain or filter fluid)

Front 53

Dense regular connective tissue proper- loose

1. Parallel collagen fibers with
2. Attaches muscles to
3. Found in
4. Major cell type is
5. poorly

Back 53

1. a few elastic fibers
2. bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone
3. tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
4. fibroblasts
5. vacularized

Front 54

Dense Irregular connective tissue proper

1. Irregularly arranged
2. Major cell type is
3. Withstands tension in
4. Found in

Back 54

1. collagen fibers with some elastic fibers
2. fibroblasts
3. many directions providing structural strength
4. the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous organ capsules

Front 55

Elastic connective tissue proper

1. Formed from
2. Found where
3. Allow

Back 55

1. elastic fibers
2. tissue stretch and recoil are important (Wall of aorta
Underneath transitional epithelium In ligaments between adjacent vertebrae
In ligaments supporting the penis)
3. expansion and contraction of organs

Front 56

Supportive Connective Tissues

1. Role is to
2. 2 Primary types
3. Typically have more
4. Recognized by presence of

Back 56

1. Support, protect, and provide attachment for other tissues
2. Cartilage, Bone
3. ground substance and firmer ground substances than CTP
4. of lacunae in body of tissue

Front 57

Cartilage

1. Primary cells called
2. Cells found in
3. Slow to heal due to
4. Three types
5. separates cartilage from surrounding tissues

Back 57

1. chondrocytes
2. lacunae
3. poor/absent vascularity
4. hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
5. Perichondrium

Front 58

Hyaline Cartilage

1. Found in
2. Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists
3. Amorphous, firm matrix with
4. Forms the

Back 58

1. embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, and rib cage
2. compression
3. imperceptible network of collagen fibers
4. costal cartilage

Front 59

Elastic Cartilage

1. Similar to hyaline cartilage but
2. Maintains shape and structure while
3. Supports

Back 59

1. with more elastic fibers
2. allowing flexibility
3. external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis

Front 60

Fibrocartilage

1. Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but
2. Provides ______ and supports ________.
3. Found in

Back 60

1. less firm with thick collagen fibers
2. tensile strength. compression shock
3. intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in menisci of the knee joint

Front 61

Osseous Tissue (Bone)

1. Hard, calcified matrix
2. Supports, protects, and
provides levers for
3. Stores
4. Marrow inside bones is site of
5. Osteocytes are found in
6. Broken bones heal much faster than

Back 61

1. with collagen fibers
2. muscular action
3. calcium, other minerals, and fat
4. hematopoiesis
5. lacunae and are well vascularized via canaliculi
6. damaged cartilage

Front 62

Fluid Connective Tissues

1. Contains a distinctive
2. __________ ground substance.
3. 2 Soluble protein “fibers”
4. Two types

Back 62

1. cell population
2. water
3. Albumin, Fibrinogen
4. Blood Lymph

Front 63

Fluid Connective Tissues
Blood

1. Formed
2. ________ blood cells and
3. Fluid component perfuses to

Back 63

1. elements and plasma
2. red and white. platelets
3. tissue space, then becomes lymph

Front 64

Fluid Connective Tissues
Lymph

1. Interstitial fluid entering
2. Contains

Back 64

1. the lymphatic vessels
2. lymphocytes, macrophages, cellular debris, and foreign particles

Front 65

Muscle Tissue

1. The only tissue capable of generating
2. Cells are called
3. Cytoplasm contains
4. Typically well-vascularized and cells contain numerous
5. Formed from

Back 65

1. mechanical force
2. fibers due to their long, thread-like shape
3. numerous contractile proteins (Actin and Myosin
)
4. mitochondria for adequate ATP synthesis
5. myoblasts (from embryonic mesoderm)

Front 66

Skeletal Muscle

1. Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with
2. Produces
3. May exhibit
4. Found in

Back 66

1. obvious striations
2. voluntary movement
3. involuntary control (reflexes, breathing)
4. skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin

Front 67

Smooth Muscle

1. Sheets of
2. Propels substances along
3. Found in
4. Not capable of

Back 67

1. spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations
2. internal passageways (i.e., peristalsis)
3. the walls of hollow organs
4. voluntary control

Front 68

Cardiac Muscle

1. Branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking at
2. Not capable of
3. Found in
4. Propels blood into

Back 68

1. intercalated discs
2. voluntary control
3. the walls of the heart and proximal aorta only
4. the circulation

Front 69

Neural Tissue

1. Branched neurons with long
2. Transmits electrical signals from
3. Found in

Back 69

1. cellular processes and support cells
2. sensory receptors to effectors
3. brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Front 70

Injury Repair
2 Phases

1.
2.

Back 70

1. Inflammation
2. Repair