Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 4 Tissues

Front 1

Define tissue.

Back 1

groups of cells with similar structure and function

Front 2

What are the four principal human tissue types?

Back 2

epithelium (covering)
connective (support)
muscle (movement)
nervous (control)

Front 3

Fertilization produces a ______ that undergoes repeated ____ _________ form a __________ that contains three primary germ cell layers.

Back 3

zygote; cell divisions; blatocycst

Front 4

Each germ layer participates in the formation of one or more tissue types. What are they?

Back 4

Ectoderm (neural tissue)
Mesoderm (connective & muscular) Endoderm (epithelium).

Front 5

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

Back 5

1. Covering and lining
2. Glandular

Front 6

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Back 6

Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion

Front 7

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Back 7

1. Cellularity - composed entirely of cells
2. Specialized contacts - fit close together to form continuous sheets of cells
3. Polarity - epithelium always has one free surface (apical) and one bound surface (basal)
4. Avascularity - no blood vessels associated with epithelium, nutrients diffuse into cells
5. Basement membrane - basal surface of epithelium rests on thin supporting basal lamina (glycoproteins); connective tissue under basal lamina secrete collagenous fibers that make a layer called reticular lamina (basal + reticular lamina - basement membrane)
6. Regeneration - epithelium undergo mitosis

Front 8

Epithelia are classified according to their ____ and ________.

Back 8

shape; arrangement

Front 9

The shape of epithelia are classified as...

Back 9

squamal cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified

Front 10

The arrangement of epithelia are classified as ...

Back 10

simple of stratified

Front 11

What are the types of epithelium?

Back 11

Simple squamal, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and transitional

Front 12

Define Simple squama; their location and function.

Back 12

Single layer of flattened cells; located in air sacs of lungs, capillaries, and kidney glomerulus; functions in the passage of material (filtration and diffusion) and secretion

Front 13

Define Simple cuboidal;their location and function.

Back 13

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; located in kidney tubules and ovary surface; functions in secretion and absorption

Front 14

What is the function of Simple columnar?

Back 14

Function in absorption and secretion (of mucus and enzymes).

Front 15

Define Simple Columnar and their location.

Back 15

Single layer of column-shaped cells non-ciliated line the digestive tract and gall bladder, ciliated line small bronchi of lungs and line uterine tubes

Front 16

Pseudostratified (columnar) are_____?

Back 16

Single layer of cells of differing height

Front 17

Pseudostratified (columnar) cells are located where? Their function is?

Back 17

Non- ciliated lines male urethra, ciliated lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract; functions in the secretion of mucus.

Front 18

Define Stratified squamal; their location and function.

Back 18

Many layers of flattened cells;non-keratinized lines esophagus, mouth, and vagina, keratinized lines epidermis;functions in protection

Front 19

Define Stratified cuboidal; their location and function.

Back 19

Many layers of cube-shaped cells; found in ducts of sweat, mammary, and salivary glands; functions in protection.

Front 20

Define Stratified columnar; their location and function.

Back 20

Many layers of column-shaped cells; located in large passageways of respiratory tract and also found in the male urethra; functions in protection.

Front 21

Define Transitional (a type of epithelium); its function and location.

Back 21

Many layers of cells with various shapes; lines the ureters and bladder; functions in the distension of organs

Front 22

Glandular epithelia is a______?

Back 22

Gland - one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product

Front 23

Define Glandular epithelium

Back 23

Glandular epithelium is classified as being unicellular or multicellular as well as exocrine or endocrine.

Front 24

Define Endocrine

Back 24

Ductless glands, secreting chemical messengers (hormones) directly into an extracellular space then diffuse into the blood or lymph.

Front 25

Define Exocrine

Back 25

Glands that secret products into a duct. They are more numerous than endocrine glands.

Front 26

What are examples of Exocrine glands?

Back 26

Examples: sweat and oil, salivary, liver, pancreas, mammary, and mucous.

Front 27

Exocrine glands are classified as_________?

Back 27

Unicellular or multicellular

Front 28

Where are Unicellular Exocrine glands located?

Back 28

Exocrine glands are cells interposed in and between epithelium.

Front 29

Describe Unicellular Exocrine Glands.

Back 29

These glands do
These glands do not have ducts, yet are single cells that produce mucin (glycoprotein) which becomes mucus when dissolved in water

Front 30

What two structural elements are Multicellular exocrine glands composed of ?

Back 30

An epithelium-derived duct and a secretory unit (secretory cells).

Front 31

What are the types of Multicellular Exocrine Glands?

Back 31

Merocrine glands;
Halocrine glands; Apocrine glands

Front 32

What do Merocrine glands do?

Back 32

Secrete products (as soon as product are made) by xocytosis.
Examples....pancreas, sweat, and salivary.

Front 33

Give an example of a unicellular exocrine gland.

Back 33

Example: goblet cells between intestinal columnar epithelium.

Front 34

Halocrine glands

Back 34

Accumulation of products, then apex of cell pinches off. example... mammary glands.

Front 35

Apocrine glands

Back 35

Accumulation of products, then apex of cell pinches off. example... mammary glands.

Front 36

What is the function of connective tissue?

Back 36

Binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation

Front 37

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

Back 37

Common origin: originate from mesenchyme (embryonic tissue);
Degrees of vascularity: extent of blood supply; Extracellular matrix: deposits of glycoproteins, fibrous proteins (elastic collagen, and reticular fibers), as well as minerals..

Front 38

Connective tissue cells are referred to as being a _____or ______.

Back 38

"Blast" or "Cyte

Front 39

When connective tissue cells are referred to as being a "blast" or "cyte it depends on ?

Back 39

Their age / function

Front 40

What are blast cells.

Back 40

Blast cells are active cells that secrete both fibers and ground substance (matrix).

Front 41

What are cyte cells?

Back 41

Cyte cells are mature cells that maintain (repair or regenerate) matrix.

Front 42

Examples of connective tissue cell types are ________?

Back 42

Connective tissue proper - fibroblasts/fibrocytes
Cartilage - chondroblast/chondrocyte
Blood - hemocytoblast/hemocyte
Bone - osteoblast/osteocyte

Front 43

Name Connective tissue classes

Back 43

Embryonic Tissue
Connective Tissue Proper

Front 44

Connective Tissue Proper

Back 44

Includes those connective tissues with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance.

Front 45

Loose Connective Tissue types:

Back 45

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

Front 46

Areolar tissue

Back 46

Matrix contains all three fiber types; widely distributed under epithelium; forms lamina propria and wraps and cushions organs.

Front 47

Adipose tissue

Back 47

Matrix contains sparse amount of all three tissue types; adipocytes have a flattened nucleus as a result of fat droplets contained inside of cell; used as fuel resource.

Front 48

Reticular tissue

Back 48

Reticular fibers w reticular cells in loose ground substance; found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen; fibers form internal skeleton that supports other cell types

Front 49

Dense Connective Tissue types:

Back 49

Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic connective

Front 50

Dense Regular Tissue

Back 50

Fibroblasts with collagen fibers; forms ligaments (connecting bone to bone), tendons (connecting bone to muscle), and aponeurosis (connecting muscle to muscle).

Front 51

Define irregular connective tissue?

Back 51

Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with fibroblast; found in the dermis of the skin and fibrous joint capsules;withstands tension and provides strength.

Front 52

Define elastic connective tissue?

Back 52

Fibroblasts with elastic fibers; found in the walls of the aorta and vocal cords; provides durability and strength.

Front 53

What are supporting connective tissue?

Back 53

Supporting connective tissue protect soft tissues and support the weight of or all of the body.

Front 54

Types of supporting connective tissue are?

Back 54

Cartilage and bone

Front 55

Types of cartilage are:

Back 55

Hyaline cartilage
Elastice cartilage
Fribro cartilage

Front 56

What is hyaline cartilage?

Back 56

Chondroblasts produce matrix with collagen fibers, chrondrocytes located within lacunae (spaces); found in ribs, nose, trachea, and the larynx; supports and reinforces.

Front 57

What does elastic cartilage do?

Back 57

Supports external ear; maintains shape and structure. Chondroblasts produce matrix with elastic fibers

Front 58

What is fibro (fibrous) cartilage?

Back 58

Matrix similar to hyaline but less firm and also contains more and thicker collagen fibers; component of intervertebral discs; gives tensile strength.

Front 59

What are supporting connective tissue?

Back 59

They are tissue that protect soft tissues and support the weight of part or all of the body.

Front 60

Supporting connective tissue are ______ and ________.

Back 60

Cartilage and bone.

Front 61

Define dense irregular connective tissue?

Back 61

Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with fibroblast; found in the dermis of the skin and fibrous joint capsules;withstands tension and provides strength.

Front 62

What are characteristics of bone or osseous tissue?

Back 62

Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; high vascularized; forms skeletal system; provides support and protection as well as blood production

Front 63

Red and white blood cells are a type of _________connective tissue.

Back 63

Fluid

Front 64

What are red blood cells?

Back 64

Formed elements responsible for the transport of oxygen in the blood.

Front 65

What are white blood cells?

Back 65

Formed elements that help defend the body from infection and disease.

Front 66

Red and white blood cells are located where?

Back 66

Located in blood vessels; transports respiratory gases, wastes, nutrients, etc

Front 67

What is muscular tissue?

Back 67

Highly vascularized muscular tissue is comprised of elongated cells (called fibers) containing myofilaments (actin and myosin proteins).

Front 68

What are the three types of muscular tissue:

Back 68

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Front 69

Characteristics of skeletal muscular tissue?

Back 69

Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with striations (specific arrangement of actin and myosin); attached to skeleton and skin; under voluntary control; provides movement

Front 70

Characteristics of cardiac muscular tissue?

Back 70

Branching uninucleate striated cells with junctions (intercalated discs); located in the walls of the heart; is under involuntary control; propels blood (circulation).

Front 71

Characteristics of smooth muscular tissue?

Back 71

Spindle-shaped uninucleate cells without striations; found in the walls of hollow organs; under involuntary control; propels substances.

Front 72

Characteristics of nervous tissue (nervous system)?

Back 72

Conducts electrical impulses and has integrative functions;
tissue is composed of neurons which are branching cells located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurons transmit electrochemical signals from sensory receptors to effectors.

Front 73

What are neurons?

Back 73

Neurons are composed of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.