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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Hormone |
are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ |
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Endocrine system |
the glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones.
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Endocrinology |
the study of the endocrine system. |
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Endocrine Glands |
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Exocrine Glands |
secrete their products by way of a duct onto an epithelial surface such as the kin or the mucosa of the digestive tract, they have extracellular effects such as digestion of food. |
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endocrine glands |
ductless and release their secretions into the bloodstream. Intracellular effects - they alter cell metabolism. High density of blood capillaries.
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What two glands are considered exocrine and endocrine? |
Pancreas Ovary |
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Fenestrated Capillaries |
especially permeable type, have large pores in their walls allowing for the easy uptake of matter from the gland tissue. |
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Liver |
behave as exocrine cells, secreting bile into ducts that lead ultimately to the small intestine. they also secrete hormones into the blood, and act as endocrine cells. |
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Hypothalamus |
shaped like a flattened funnel, forms the floor and walls of the third ventricle of the brain.
regulates primitive functions of the body ranging from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth.
Many of its functions are carried out by way of the pituitary gland.
produces ADH and OT hormones, stored in the posterior pituitary.
RH - releasing hormones |
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Pituitary gland |
suspended from the floor of the hypothalamus by a stalk, infundibulum, and housed in a depression of the sphenoid bone, the sella turcica. shaped like a kidney bean, 1.3 cm wide
composed of two structures: adenohypophysis - anterior neurohypophysis - posterior |
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Adenohypophysis |
constitutes the anterior three quarters of the pituitary.
has two parts: a large anterior lobe posterior lobe |
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Hypothalamus hormones |
Eight of these hormones; Six to regulate the anterior pituitary and two that are stored in the posterior pituitary
oxytocin, OT - stored in posterior antidiuretic hormone - ADH - stored in posterior
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Corticotropin - releasing hormone Prolactin-inhibitin hormone Growth hormone- releasing hormone somatostatin |
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AnteriorPituitary hormones |
Follicle-stimulating hormone/ FSH Luteinizing hormone/ LH Thyroid-stimulating hormone,TSH, thyrotropin. Adrenocorticotropic hormone/ ACTH Prolactin/ PRL Growth hormone/ GH |
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Neurohypophysis |
constitutes the posterior one quarter of the pituitary. |
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Hypothalamic Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones that regulate the Anterior Pituitary |
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Hypothalamus Pituitary -Target Organ Relationships |
GNRH=FSH & LH=estrogen/progesteron=ovaries and testes TRH=TSH=T3 & T4= thyroid TRH= PRL= mammary gland CRH=ACTH=cortisol- adrenal cortex GHRH=GH=target organs liver, fat, muscle, bone |
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What is Negative Feedback Inhibition |
the pituitaary stimulates another endocrine gland to secrete its hormone, and that hormone feeds back to the pituitary or hypothalamus and inhibits further secretion of the pituitary hormone.
TRH/TSH/thyroid hormone/target organs/ |
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Pineal Gland |
is attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum. shaped like a pine cone |
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Thyroid Gland |
largest endocrine gland in adults weighing about 25g.
lies adjacent tot he trachea immediately below the larynx, and is named for the nearby shieldlike thyroid cartilage of the larynx.
shaped like a butterfly wrapped around the trachea, with two winglike lobes usually joined inferiorly by a norrow bridge of tissue, the isthmus.
receives one of the body's highest rates of blood flow.
contains nests of C cells, or parafollicular cells.
Calcitonin, T3, T4 |
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Parathyroid glands |
ovoid glands, usually four of them, partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid,
Secrete PTH, parathyroid hormone in response to hypocalcemia. PTH raises blood calcium levels. |
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Adrenal glands |
sit like a cap on the superior pole of each kidney.
adrenal medulla is 10 to 20% of the gland.
release epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
adrenal cortex - produces more than 25 steroid hormones |
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Adrenal Cortex |
mineralcorticoids - which regulate the bodys electrolyte balance. glucocorticoids- which regulate the metabolism of glucose and other organic fuels Sex steroids
has three layers: zona glomerulosa - thin outer layer- mineralocorticoids - aldosterone most significant . stimulates kidneys to retain sodium in the body fluids and excrete potassium in the urine zona fasciculata - thick middle layer - glucocorticoids zona reticularis - inner layer - sex steroids |
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Pancreatic Islets |
elongated, spongy gland located below and behind the stomach; most of it is retroperitoneal.
endocrine cell clusters called pancreatic islets, islets of Langerhans.
secretes: insulin - decreases blood glucose glucagon - increases blood glucose somatostain - GH decreases inhibits |
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Gonads |
ovaries and testes are both endocrine and exocrine
exocrine products- whole cells - eggs, sperm endocrine products - gonadal hormones.
ovaries - estradiol, progesterone, inhibin gonads - testerone |
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Diabetes Insipidus |
a form of diabetes that results from hyposecretion of ADH |
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congenital Hypothyroidism |
present at birth most preventable cause of mental retardation |
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Myxedema |
adult hypothyroidism |
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endemic goiter |
deficiency of dietary iodine |
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toxic goiter |
thyroid hypersecretion (graves disease) |
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gigantism |
GH hypersecretion in childhood |
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pituitary dwarfism |
GH hyposecretion |
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Acromegaly |
GH hypersecretion in adults |
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Circulatory System |
consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood |
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Cardiovascular system |
refers only to the heart and vessels |
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Hematology |
study of blood |
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what is the fundamental purpose of the circulatory system? |
to transport substances from place to place in the body. blood is the liquid medium in which these materials travel, blood vessels ensure the proper routing of blood to its destination, and the heart is the pump that keeps the blood flowing. TRANSPORT - oxygen, nutrients, waste products. PROTECTION REGULATION |
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BLOOD |
adults generally have about 4 to 6 liters of blood. it is a liquid connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. Plasma formed elements
Water - 92% Albumin - 60% total proteins |
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Plasma |
a clear light yellow fluid constituting a little over half of the blood volume
mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolyes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases.
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein Fibrinogen a sticky protein that forms the framework of a blood clot.
Urea nitrogenous waste most abundant |
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Formed elements |
cells and cell fragments including the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Erythrocytes - RBC Platelets Leukocytes - WBC - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes |
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components of blood |
Plasma - 55% WBC and platelets - <1% of whole blood Erythrocytes - 45% of whole blood
formed elements WBC and RBC |
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Serum |
when blood clots and solids are removed the remaining fluid. |
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how is blood produced |
hemopoiesis an adult produces 400 billion platelets, 200 billion RBC and 10 billion WBC every day.
the tissues that produce blood cells are called hemopoietic tissues |
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Viscosity |
is the resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles.
the thickness or stickiness of a fluid.
partially governs the flow of blood through the vessels. Reduction in RBC or protein deficiency reduces viscosity and causes blood to flow to easily. |
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Osmolarity |
if blood osmolarity is to high, the bloodstream absorbs too much water, this raises the blood volume resulting in high bp.
if to low, too much water remains in the tissues and they become edematous, bp may drop, from loss of water from the bloodstream |
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Blood formation in the bone marrow and lymphatic organs is called? |
myeloid hemopoiesis - red bone marrow lymphoid hemopoiesis - white blood cells |
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Structure and function of erythrocytes RBC |
1. pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues elsewhere 2. pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and unload it in the lungs.
discoidal cell with a biconcave shape, a thick rim and a thin sunken center cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of a 33% solution of hemoglobin, gives red pigment to blood. |
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erthropoiesis |
erythrocyte production lives for an average of 120 days |
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Primary polycythemia |
is due to cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow. RBC as high as 11 milliion
Polycythemia from all other causes is called secondary polycythemia - from dehydration, smoking, air pollution, emphysema, high altitude, RBC counts as high as 6 to 8 million
dangers: increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity, stroke, heart failure, embolism |
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Pernicious anemia |
deficiency of B12
anemia - decreased red blood cells dangers: hypoxia, blood osmolarity reduced, edema viscosity reduced, heart beats faster. |
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Blood types and transfusion compatibility are a matter of interactions between? |
plasma proteins and erythrocytes |
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Antigens |
are complex molecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids that are genetically unique to each individual.
occur on the surfaces of all cells and enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign matter.
when the body detects an antigen of foreign origin, it activates an immune response. this response consists partly of the plasma cells, secreting proteins call antibodies. |
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Antibodies |
bind to antigens and mark them, or the cells bearing them for destruction. |
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agglutination |
which each antibody molecule binds to two or more antigen molecules and sticks them together. |
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blood types result from reactions between? |
antigens called, agglutinogens, on the surfaces of the RBC's and antibodies called agglutinins in the blood plasma. |
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ABO group |
Blood types: A - A antigen, B antibody B - B antigen, A antibody AB - AB antigen, no antibody - Universal Receipient. O - no antigens, A & B antibody - Universal Doner
One's ABO blood type is determined by the hereditary presence or absence of antigens A and B on the RBC's. |
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ABO Blood Group Blood transfusion types |
Type O - receive 0, donate - O,A,B,AB - UNIVERSAL DONER.
Type A - receive O,A, donate - A, AB
Type B - receive OB, donate - B, AB
Type AB - receive O,A,B,AB - UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT - donate - AB |
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RH factor and pregnancy |
a condition sometimes occurs when an Rh- woman carries an Rh+ fetus. |
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Leukocytes white blood cells - WBC's |
are the least abundant formed elements, totaling only 5,000 to 10,000 WBC's/ul
they afford protection against infection and other diseases.
easily recognized in stained blood films, because they have a conspicuous neclei that stain from light violet to dark purple.
retain their organelles throughout life. |
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Types of Leukocytes |
Granulocytes Neutrophils - 60 to 70% of WBC's' Eosinophils - 2% to 4% Basophils - rarest - <0.5% of WBC count
Agranulocytes Lymphocytes - second to neutrophils in abundance. 25% to 33% Monocytes - largest - 3% to 8%, count rises in inflammation and viral infections.
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Leukopenia |
a WBC count below the normal 5,000 to 10,000
seen in lead, arsenic and mercury poisoning, radiation sickness, and infectious diseases such as measles, mumps, chickenpox, polio, influenza, typhoid fever, AIDS. |
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Leukocytosis |
a count above 10,000
usually indicates infection, allergy or other diseases, but can also occur in response to dehydration or emotional disturbances.
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Leukemia |
cancer of the hemopoietic tissues that usually produces an extraordinarily high number of circulating leukocytes.
myleoid - uncontrolled granulocyte production. lymphoid - unconrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production
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Platelets |
are not cells but small fragments of marrow cells called megakaryocytes.
second most abundant formed elements after erythrocytes.
count 130,000 to 400,000 |
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Hemolytic anemia |
RBC destruction |
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Hemoglobin |
red pigment that gives RBC its color.
cytoplasm of an RBC consists mainly of a 33% solution called hemoglobin |
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Cardiovascular System |
has two major divisions:
pulmonary circuit - right half heart - carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart.
systemic circuit - left half heart - supplies blood to every organ of the body, including other parts of the lungs and the wall of the heart itself. |
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the heart |
Right half supplies the pulmonary circuit. it receives blood that has circulated through the body, unloaded its oxygen and nutrients, and picked up a load of carbon dioxide and other wastes.
Left half - supplies the systemic circuit. blood leaves it by way of another large artery, the aorta. |
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position, size and shape of the heart |
the heart is located in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum, between the lungs and deep tot he sternum.
tilted toward the left
2/3 of heart lies to left of the median plane
Base - broad superior portion Apex - blunt point inferior portion
roughly size of one's fist |
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Pericardium |
a double walled sac that encloses the heart.
has three layers: pericardial sac - outer wall visceral pericardium- epicardium- serous layer turns inward at base of the heart. pericardial cavity - between the parietal and viscerl membranes, filled w/pericardial fluid, 5 - 30ml, that allows heart to beat with minimal friction |
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The heart wall |
consists of three layers:
epicardium - serous membrane of the eternal heart surface. endocardium - lines the interior of the heart chambers myocardium - thickest layer, performs work of heart, in between epi and endo |
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internal anatomy of the heart consists of? |
Four chambers: two superior - right and left atria - thin walled receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart by way of the great veins. two inferior chambers - right and left ventricle, are the pumps that eject blood into the arteries and keep it flowing around the body
atrioventricular AV valv es - regulates the openings between the atria and ventricles. Right AV has - tricuspid Left AV has - bicuspid - aka: mitral valve semilunar valves - pulmonary and aortic valves, regulate the flow of blood from the ventricles into the great arteries. Pulmonary valve - controls the opening from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk. Aortic valve - controls the opening from the left ventricle into the aorta. |
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Facts heart |
Arteries - carry oxygenated blood Veins - carry deoxygenated blood
right side heart - deoxiginated left side heart - oxygenated
Superior Vena Cava - largest vein, carry deoxygentaed blood from from various regions of the body to right atrium. Pulmonary Veins - carry oxygenated blood to heart. O2 blood from lungs to left atrium Aorta - main artery - left ventricle
Atrium - receives blood Ventricles - pushes out |
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What is called the pacemaker of the heart? |
SA Node- 70-80 bpm - sinoatrial node - a patch of modified cardiocytes in the right atrium, just under the epicardium near superior vena cava. |
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Conduction system of heart. |
SA node fires excitation spreads through atrial myocardium AV node - 40-50 bpm fires Excitation spreads down AV bundle Purkinje fibers- nerve like fibers - distribute excitation the ventricular myocardium |
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Electrocardiogram |
ECG or EKG- composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected, amplified and recorded by electrodes on arms, legs and chest. |
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Arrhythmia |
any abnormal cardiac, rhythem.
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Systole |
contraction of heart |
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Diastole |
relaxation of the heart |
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waves of EKG |
P wave - atria begin depolarizing PQ segment - time for impulses to travel from SA node to AV node. QRS complex - ventricular depolarization ST segment - time during which the ventricles contract and eject blood. T wave - ventricular repolarization immediately before diastole. |
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Cardiac Output |
amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute.
bodys total volume of blood, 4-6L.4 |
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Blood flow through heart by steps |
1. Superior & Inferior Vena Cava - Deoxygenated 2. right atrium - deoxygenated 3. Tricuspid valve - deoxygenated 4. right ventricle - deoxygenated 5. Pulmonary Semilunar valve - deoxygenated 6. Pulmonary Artery - deoxygenated 7. Lungs - becomes oxygenated 8. Pulmonary Vein - Oxygenated 9. Left Atrium - Oxygenated 10. Biscuspid valve - oxygenated 11. Left Ventricle - oxygenated 12. Aortic Semilunar Valve - oxygenated 13. Aorta - oxygenated 14. to the body via arteries - body consumes oxygens blood becomes deoxygenated again. |
