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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Study of the ear, nose, & throat.
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Otorhinolaryngology
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Actual dr/ scientist that studies the lungs.
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Pulmonologist
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Study of the disease processes associated with the lungs.
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Pumonopathy
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Main function is gas exchange.
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Respiratory system
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Main function is transportation of gas.
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Circulatory System
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What are the 2 causes of respiratory system failure?
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1. Cell death due to lack of oxygen
2. Build-up of waste products in system |
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What are the 3 stages of respiration?
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1. Ventilation / breathing
2. External / pulmonary 3. Internal / tissue |
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Type of respiration that is a mechanical flow of air into and out of the lungs
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ventilation / breathing
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Type of respiration that is the exchange of gases between air spaces of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries; blood gains oxygen and gains carbon dioxide
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External / pulmonary
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Type of respiration that is the exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue cells; blood loses carbon dioxide and gains oxygen.
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Internal / tissue
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Breathing air in
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Inspiration
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Breathing air out
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expiration
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The 6 parts that make up the respiratory system
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nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voicebox), trachea (windpipes), bronchi, lungs
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Medical term for throat
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pharynx
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Medical term for voicebox
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larynx
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Medical term for windpipes
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trachea
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The 2 divisions of the respiratory system
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upper (head / throat) and
lower (thoracic cavity) |
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What are the 2 functioning parts of the respiratory system
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conducting portion and respiratory portion
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Functioning part of the respiratory system that is serves as the pathway; directs air into the lungs portion; associated with the upper division
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conduction portion
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Functioning part of the repiratory system that is the area where actual gas exchange occurs; associated with the lower division
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respiratory portion
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What are the functions of the protruding portion of the nose?
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1. Secretion of mucous- traps foreign particles, provides moisture/ lubrication
2. Lined with cilia- sweeps and filters debris |
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Name the 3 bones of the bony portion of the nose
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1. frontal bone
2. nasal bone (procerus) 3. maxillae |
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Functions of the inferior portion of the nose
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warmth, moisture, filtering, incoming air, and smell
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Function is communication with nasal sinuses / nasopharynx
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internal nares
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The nasal cavity is divided into left and right by
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nasal septum
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Muscular tube lined with mucous membrane
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pharynx
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The 3 segments of the pharynx
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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Segment of the pharynx, function is respiration
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nasopharynx
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Segment of the pharynx, function is digestion / passageway of air and food
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oropharynx
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Segment of the pharynx, function is respiration
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nasopharynx
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Segment of the pharynx that aids in digestion / passageway for air and food
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oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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2 answers
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Passageway that connects pharynx with trachea
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larynx
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Larynx contains what type of cartilage?
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thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
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Small flap of skin in larynx used to close off trachea / esophagus
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epiglottis
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Voice is produced within the _____.
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Larynx
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Extends from larynx to primary bronchi.
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trachea
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Trachea is composed of what type of muscle?
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smooth muscle (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)
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Open the airway, ciliated, located in the trachea
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Cartilage rings
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Name the 2 trachea bypass procedures
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1. tracheostomy
2. intubation |
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Trachea divides into left and right halves called:
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pulmonary (primary bronchi)
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Bronchial tree:
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1. Trachea
2. Primary bronchi 3. Secondary bronchi 4. Tertiary bronchi 5. Bronchioles 6. Terminal bronchioles |
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Walls of bronchi and bronchioles are composed of what type of muscle?
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smooth
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Paired organs, located in the thoracic cavity in the pleural cavity subdivision.
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lungs
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Fluid that protects the lungs:
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pleural fluid
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Name the 2 membranes in the pleural cavity:
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parietal and visceral
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Type of membrane that lines the walls of the pleural cavity
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parietal
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Type of membrane in the pleural cavity that covers the lung
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visceral
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Lungs extend from _____ to slightly above the _____; fill majority of _____ cavity.
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diaphragm, clavicle, thoracic
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Surrounded by pleura where bronchi, blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit.
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hilus
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Located within the lung; consist of type I and type II _____ cells.
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alveoli, alveolar
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Type of alveolar cell, squamous pulmonary epithelium
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type 1
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Type of alveolar cell, sepat cells
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type 2
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Alveoli walls enclose _____.
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macrophages (dust cells)
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Secreted by type II alveolar cells; surfactant- helps to maintain moisture needed for diffusion of gases.
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alveolar fluid
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Lungs have a double _____ supply.
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oxygen; pulmonary arteries / pulmonary circulation and bronchial arteries / systemic circulation
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Lungs have a double _____ return.
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blood; pulmonary veins and bronchial veins
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Process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and lung alveoli
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pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
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Exchange occurs in pulmonary ventilation due to
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pressure gradients
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Volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure, assuming that temperature is constant
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boyle's law
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law
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7 steps of ventilation:
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1. Alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure
2. Contraction of diaphragm / external intercostal muscles 3. Increase in size of thoracic cavity 4. Decrease in intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure 5. Lungs expand 6. Decrease in alveolar pressure 7. Air moves along pressure gradient from atmosphere into lungs |
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7 steps of exhalation:
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1. Alveolar pressure increases above atmospheric pressure
2. Relaxation of diaphragm / external intercostal muscles 3. Elastic recoil of thoracic cavity / lungs (decrease in size) 4. Increase in intrapleural pressure 5. Decrease in lung volume 6. Increase in alveolar pressure 7. Air moves from lungs to atmosphere |
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Filling of pleural cavity with air:
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pneumothorax
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Filling of pleural cavity with water:
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hydrothorax
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Ease with which the thoracic walls expand:
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compliance
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An opposing force of the normal flow of air into the lungs
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resistance
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Normal variation in breathing rate / depth
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eupnea
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Breath holding
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apnea
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Painful / difficult breathing
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dyspnea
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Rapid breathing rate
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tachypnea
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Combination of various patterns, increase breathing for exercise
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costal breathing
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Normal mode of operation of contraction / relaxation of diaphragm during breathing
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diaphragmatic breathing
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Used to express emotions, clear air passageways movements
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modified respiratory movements
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Oxygen deficiency and the tissue level
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hypoxia
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Instrument used to measure air volumes during breathing
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spiromometer / respirometer
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Actual recording of measurements
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spirogram
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Located within the pons, coordinate transition between inhalation / exhalation
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pneumotaxic area
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Send impulses to inhalation areas, prolong inhalation / suppress exhalation
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apneustic area
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Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if all the otehr gases were not present
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dalton's law
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law
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Pressure exerted by a particular gas within a mixture of gases
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partial pressure of gas
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law
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The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of a gas and its solubility coefficient, when temperature remains constant
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Henri's law
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law
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Transports 98.5% oxygen formed in elements and 1.5% oxygen in plasma
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hemoglobin
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Study of structures / functions of the digestive system (gastrointestinal tract)
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gastroenterology
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Study of the disease processes of the GI Tract
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proctology
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Doctor that studies the disease processes of the GI Tract
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proctologist
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