Anatomy & Phsiology Ch. 4

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Tissue

Back 1

group of cells with similar structure and function. four major groups of tissues: epithelial, conective, muscle, and nerve tissues.

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Membranes

Back 2

sheets of tissues. membrane has its specific locations and functions.

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Epithelial Tissue

Back 3

found on surfaces as either coverings(outer surfaces)or linings(inner surfaces). have no capillaries. receive oxygen and nutrients from connective tissue beneath them. capable of secretion and may be called glands. five types of: simple sqamous, sratified squamous, transitional, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated.

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squamous

Back 4

cells are flat

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cuboidal

Back 5

cells are cube shaped

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columnar

Back 6

cells are tall and narrow

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simple

Back 7

single layer cell

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stratified

Back 8

many layers of cells are present

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Simple Squamous

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structure: one layer of flat cells. location: 1) alveoli of the lungs-thin to permit diffusion of gases. 2) capillaries-thin to permit exchange of materials; smooth to prevent abnormal blood clotting.

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Stratified Squamous

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structure: many layers of cells; surface cells flat; lower cells rounded; lower layer undergoes mitosis. location and function: 1)epidermis-surface cells are dead; a barrier to pathogens. 2)lining of esophagus, vagina-surface cells are living; a barrier to pathogens.

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Transitional

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structure:many layers of cells; surface cells change from rounded to flat. location and function: lining of urinary bladder-permits expansion without tearing the lining.

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Cuboidal

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structure: one layer of cube-shaped cells. lacation and function: 1)thyroid gland-secretes thyroxine 2)salivary glands-secrete saliva 3)kidney tubules-permit reabsorption of useful materials back to the blood.

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Columnar

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structure:one layer of column-shaped cells. location and function: 1)lining of stomach-secretes gastric juice 2)lining of small intestine-secretes enzymes and absorbs end products of digestion(microvilli present).

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Ciliated

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structure:one layer of solumnar cells with cilia on their free surfaces. lacation and function: 1)lining of trachea-sweeps mucus and dust to the pharynx 2)lining of fallopian tube-sweeps ovum toward uterus.

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glands

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cells or organs that secrete something. two types of glands:unicellular & multicellular.

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unicellular glands

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one cell

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multicellular glands

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may be divided into two major groups:exocrine & endocrine glands.

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Exocrine glands

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have ducts(tubes) to take the secretion away from the gland to the site of its function. sweat glands secrete sweat that is transported by ducts to the skin surface, where it can be evaporated by excess body heat.

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Endocrine glands

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ductless glands. secretions of endocrine glands are a group of chemicals called hormones, which enter capillaries and are circulated throughout the body.

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Connective Tissue

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connects & transports. contains matrix(structural network or solution of nonliving intercellular material). types: areolar , adipose, fibrous, elasic tissues, blood, bone, and cartilage.

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Blood

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consists of cells and plasma;cells are the living portion. matrix of blood is plasma. plasma contains dissolved salts, nutrients, gases, and waste products. plasma transports these materials within the body.

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Red blood cells

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carry oxygen bonded to the iron in their hemoglobin.

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White blood cells

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destroy pathogens by phagocytosis, the production of antibodies, or other chemical methods, and provide us with immunity to some diseases.

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Platelets

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prevent blood loss; the process of blood clotting involves platelets.

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Areolar Connective Tissue

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cells of areolar(or loose)connenctive tissue are called fibroblasts. found in tendons & ligaments. made of collagen(fibers very strong) & elastin(fibers are elastic). found beneath the dermis of the skin and beneath the epithelial tissue of all the body systems tha have openings to the environment.

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Adipose Tissue

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cells of adipose tissue are called adipocytes and are specialized to store fat in microscopic droplets. now considered and endocrine tissue, because it produces at least one hormone; Leptin.

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Fibrous Connenctive Tissue

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consists mainly of parallel(regular) collagen fibers with a few fibroblasts scattered among them. provides great strength, yet is flexible. found in outer walls of arteries, tendons, and ligaments.

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Elastic Connective Tissue

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primarily elastin fibers. one of its locations is in the walls of large arteries. also found surrounding the alveoli of the lungs.

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Bone

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cells are called osteocytes. matrix of bone is made of calcium salts and collagen and is strong, hard, and not flexible.

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Cartilage

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nose & ear. does not contain calcium salts, and also differs from that of bone in that it contains more water, which makes it resilient. found on joint surface of the bones, where its smooth surface helps prevent friction. within the cartilage matrix are the chondrocytes, or cartilage cells.

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Muscle tissue

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specialize for contraction. three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

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Skeletal Muscle

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may also be called striated muscle or voluntary muscle. location and function: attached to bones; moves the skeleon and produces heat. effect of nerve impulses:essential to cause contraction.

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Smooth Muscle

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may also be called involuntary muscle or visceral muscle. location and function: 1)walls of arteries; mainains blood pressure 2)walls of stomach and intestines; peristalsis 3)iris of eye;regulates size of pupil. effect of nerve impulses: bring about contraction of regulate the rate of contracion.

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Cardiac

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location and function: walls of the chambers of the heart; pumps blood. effect of nerve impulses:regulate only the rate of contraction.

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Nerve Tissue

Back 35

study table 4-4 on Pg.81

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Membranes

Back 36

sheets of tissue that cover or line surfaces or that separate organs or parts(lobes) of organs from one another.two major categories:Epithelial & Connective tissue membranes

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Epithelial Membranes

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two types: serous and mucous

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Serous Membranes

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sheets of simple squamous epithelium that line some closed body cavities and cover the organs in these cavities.secrete serous fluid, which prevents friction between two layers of serous membranes. peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the cavity in the abdominal cavity. mesentery is folded over and covers the abdominal organs.

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Mucous Membranes

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line the body tracts(systems)that have openings to the environment. EX. respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive. mucus secreted keeps the lining epithelial cells wet.

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Connective Tissue Membranes

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study table 4-5 on Pg.84