Ch 4

Front 1

Slav

Back 1

Slavic peoples -- the word "slave" derives from the name

Front 2

Portuguese

Back 2

Europeans whose goal is was to gain access to the lucrative West African trade in gold, wrought iron, ivory, tortoise-shell, textiles, and slaves

Front 3

Maderia

Back 3

Portuguese island colony off the coast of northern Africa that had large sugar plantations

Front 4

sugarcane

Back 4

One of the first products Columbus introduced to the New World, where sugar is extracted

Front 5

Barbados

Back 5

most valuable English colony due to it's sugar cultivation

Front 6

Martinique

Back 6

small island where the French developed sugar plantations

Front 7

Polygyny

Back 7

Marriage system where men would take 2 or 3 wives, produced very high composite families with complex internal relationships

Front 8

Timbuktu

Back 8

Trading center that developed along the Niger River where grasslands gradually turned to desert

Front 9

Saharan caravans

Back 9

How West African goods made their way from trading centers to the Mediterranean, organized by Moors and other Muslim traders

Front 10

Mali

Back 10

the most extensive military empire that rose and fell attempting to control the wealth of trade of the West African goods

Front 11

Mansa Musa

Back 11

The greatest ruler of Mali, who made Timbuktu a leading intellectual and commercial center

Front 12

Songhai

Back 12

a member of a people living mainly in Niger and Mali

Front 13

Olaudah Equino

Back 13

an Ibo captured and shipped to America as a slave in 1756, when he was an 11-year-old boy

Front 14

slavers

Back 14

a person dealing in or owning slaves

Front 15

John Hawkins

Back 15

led African voyages that allowed the English to enter the slave trade in the 16th century

Front 16

Royal African Company

Back 16

a slave-trading monopoly based in London, chartered in 1672

Front 17

Anglo

Back 17

a white, English-speaking American as distinct from a Hispanic American.

Front 18

Gold Coast

Back 18

British colony in Ghana

Front 19

Panyaring

Back 19

"kidnapping" in the jargon of the slave trade

Front 20

barracoons

Back 20

dungeons or pens where captives would wait, separated from their families and people of the same ethnic group before being branded with the mark of their buyer

Front 21

Middle Passage

Back 21

themiddle part of the trade triangle from England to Africa to America back toEngland

Front 22

flux

Back 22

dysentery -- a disease characterized by severe diarrhea with passage of mucus and blood and usually caused by infection

Front 23

slaving states

Front 24

Chinweizu

Front 25

tidewater

Back 25

tobacco plantations spread through all sections of the sea-level coastal region, extending from the colony of Delaware south through Maryland and Virginia into the Albemarle Sound region of North Carolina

Front 26

tobacco colonies

Back 26

slave societies that were characterized by the production of tobacco, which commanded an international market

Front 27

Elizabeth Lucas Pinckney

Back 27

South Carolina woman who successfully adapted West Indian indigo to the low-country climate

Front 28

indigo

Back 28

plant, native to India, that produces a deep blue dye important in textile manufacture. Could be cultivated on high grounds.

Front 29

rice

Back 29

rapidly became the most dynamic sector of the South Carolina economy. Grows in lowlands.

Front 30

James Oglethrope

Back 30

Leader of the English Parliament in 1732, prohibited slavery in Georgia (that was soon abandoned), and hoped to establish a buffer against Spanish invasion from Florida and make it a haven for poor British farmers who could then sell their products in the markets of North Carolina

Front 31

Spanish slavery

Back 31

basic to the Spanish colonial labor system, although doubts about the enslavement of Africans were raised by both church and crown

Front 32

Robert Sieur de La Saffe

Back 32

voyaged down the Mississsippi River in 1681-1682, when the French planned colonies to anchor their New World empire

Front 33

Choctaw

Back 33

Missisipian Indian culture. Had a high population density due to the rich diet that their clever farming techniques provided. Practiced three-sister farming. The tribe was particularly active in the 1600’s and 1700’s.

Front 34

Chickasaw

Back 34

a member of a tribe of North American Indians, formerly in northern Mississippi, now in Oklahoma

Front 35

Natchez

Back 35

Indians whose country The French Company of the Indies imported slaves, and planters invested in tobacco and indigo plantations on the Mississippi River -- Slaves and Natchez rose in an armed uprising that took the lives of 200 French settles

Front 36

John Woolman

Back 36

wrote Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes (1754), where he urged his readers to imagine themselves in the place of the African people (during the antislavery movement)

Front 37

Creoles

Back 37

country-born slaves, a term first used by slaves in Brazil to distinguish their children, born in the New World, from newly arrived Africans

Front 38

kinship

Back 38

system of strengthening bonds; emotional ties to particular places, connections between the generations, and friendship

Front 39

circle dance

Back 39

widespread custom in West Africa, used as a form of worship, a kind of prayer, and a means of achieving union with the ancestors and the gods

Front 40

Creole languages

Back 40

made it possible for country-born and "saltwater" Africans to communicate, a mixed dialect between Guinea and English

Front 41

acculturation

Back 41

the process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group

Front 42

maroons

Back 42

communities where runaways would connect together

Front 43

Stono Rebellion

Back 43

Early slave revolt in South Carolina where 50+ slaves gathered arms to rise up against their masters and march to Spanish Florida. They were ultimately found and killed by the militia.

Front 44

Adams Smith

Back 44

A British economist who wrote that the profits of sugar plantations in the colonies are generally much greater than those of any cultivation in Europe and America

Front 45

Mercantilism

Back 45

a system of regulations that ensured European imperial powers that the wealth produced by slavery was benefiting them

Front 46

King William's War

Back 46

(1680-97) England and France opened a long struggle for colonial supremacy in North America on the norther frontiers of New England and New York

Front 47

Queen Anne's War

Back 47

England fights France and Spain in the Caribbean and on the northern frontier of New France. Part of the European conflict known as the War of Spanish Succession

Front 48

Peace of Utrecht

Back 48

1713 -- After Queen Anne's War, when Spain ceded to the English the exclusive lucrative right to supply slaves to its American colonies

Front 49

War of Jenkin's Ear

Back 49

(1739-43) Great Britain versus Spain in the Caribbean and Georgia. Part of the European conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession.

Front 50

King George's War

Back 50

(1744-48) Great Britain and France fight in Acadia and Nova Scotia, the second American round of the War of Austrian Succession

Front 51

Casa de Contratacion

Back 51

The Spanish monarchy created the first state-trading monopoly to manage the commerce of its empire

Front 52

Navigation Acts

Back 52

created the legal and institutional structure of Britain's 18th century colonial system. Defined the colonies as both suppliers of raw materials and and as markets for English manufactured goods

Front 53

Wool Act of 1699, Hat Act of 1732, Iron Act of 1750

Back 53

English laws designed to restrict colonial manufacturing, in an effort to create a balance of trade

Front 54

commodity money

Back 54

furs, skins, or hogsheads of tobacco

Front 55

Walpole

Back 55

British prime minister from 1721 to 1748

Front 56

Salutory neglect

Back 56

any colonial rules and regulations deemed contrary to good business practice were simply ignored and not enforced

Front 57

Molasses Act of 1733

Back 57

British legislation which had taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants did not pay it.

Front 58

triangular trade

Back 58

The pattern of commerce among Europe, Africa, and the Americas