Anatomy Of Head And Neck

Front 1

where does the pharynx end?

Back 1

C6

Front 2

what is the sensory nerve supply to the nasopharynx?

Back 2

V2 (maxillary)

Front 3

what is the parasympathetic supply to the nasopharynx?

Back 3

VII (facial)

Front 4

what is the sensory supply to the oropharynx?

Back 4

IX (glossopharyngeal)

Front 5

what is the parasympathetic supply to the oropharynx?

Back 5

IX (glossopharyngeal)

Front 6

what is the sensory supply to the laryngopharynx?

Back 6

X (vagus)

Front 7

what is the parasympathetic supply to the laryngopharynx?

Back 7

X (vagus)

Front 8

what is the nerve supply to most of the pharyngeal muscles?

Back 8

pharyngeal plexus (X-XIc)

Front 9

which pharyngeal muscle is not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus?

Back 9

stylopharyngeus (IX - glossopharyngeal)

Front 10

which nerve innervates stylopharyngeus?

Back 10

IX (glossopharyngeal)

Front 11

where is the nasopharynx?

Back 11

from the nose (choanae) to soft palate (inferior border)

Front 12

where is the oropharynx?

Back 12

from the inferior border of the soft palate to the epiglottis

Front 13

where is the laryngopharynx?

Back 13

epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

Front 14

what are the two types of pharyngeal muscles?

Back 14

constrictors and levators

Front 15

which of the constrictors and levators are deep?

Back 15

levators

Front 16

where does the superior constrictor originate and insert?

Back 16

origin: pterygoid process of sphenoid, mandible, pterygomandibular raphe

insertion: pharyngeal raphe

Front 17

What muscles insert/originate in the pharyngeal raphe?

Back 17

thyropharyngeal part of the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle, Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Front 18

which muscle of the pharynx originates from the hyoid bone and inserts into the pharyngeal raphe?

Back 18

middle constrictor

Front 19

name the two parts of the inferior constrictor

Back 19

thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus

Front 20

name the levators of the pharynx

Back 20

palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus

Front 21

where do the levators of the pharynx all insert?

Back 21

mucous of the pharyngeal wall

Front 22

what is the origin of the palatopharyngeus?

Back 22

soft palate

Front 23

where does the stylopharyngeus originate?

Back 23

styloid process of temporal bone

Front 24

what is the origin of salpingopharyngeus?

Back 24

auditory tube

Front 25

what is a good test of brain circuitry?

Back 25

gag reflex

Front 26

where is the larynx located?

Back 26

C3-C6

Front 27

what colour is the vestibular fold?

Back 27

pink

Front 28

what is the space betwee the vocal folds called?

Back 28

rima glottidis

Front 29

which muscle abducts the vocal cords?

Back 29

posterior cricoarytenoideus

Front 30

which muscle tenses the vocal cords?

Back 30

cricothyroideus

Front 31

what does lateral cricoarytenoideus do?

Back 31

adduct the vocal cords

Front 32

what does thyroarytenoideus do?

Back 32

relaxes the vocal cords

Front 33

what is the sensory nerve supply to the larynx above and including the vocal cords?

Back 33

superior laryngeal branch of vagus (SLX)

Front 34

what part of the larynx is the recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus sensory to?

Back 34

everything below the vocal folds

Front 35

what is the nerve supply to the laryngeal muscles?

Back 35

RLX (except cricothyroideus - SLX)

Front 36

what is the innervation of cricothyroideus?

Back 36

SLX

Front 37

where are the vocal cords during phonation?

Back 37

adducted

Front 38

where is the thyroid gland located?

Back 38

from the thyroid cartilage to the 5th tracheal ring

Front 39

what type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?

Back 39

respiratory epithelium

Front 40

list the paranasal sinuses?

Back 40

frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

Front 41

what is the sensory nerve supply to the external nose?

Back 41

V1 (opthalmic), V2 (maxillary)

Front 42

what is the motor supply to the external nose?

Back 42

VII (facial)

Front 43

what is the parasympathetic supply to the nasal cavity and sinuses?

Back 43

VII-pterygopalatine ganglion

Front 44

what is the sensory innervation of the nasal cavity and sinuses?

Back 44

V1, V2

Front 45

which two bones make up the hard palate? which is most posterior?

Back 45

maxilla and palatine (palatine most posterior)

Front 46

name the two faucial arches

Back 46

palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal

Front 47

where are the palatine tonsils located?

Back 47

in the oropharynx, between the faucial arches

Front 48

which tonsils are located in the nasopharynx near the auditory tube?

Back 48

pharyngeal tonsils

Front 49

where are the lingual tonsils?

Back 49

posterior 1/3 of tongue

Front 50

which muscle raises the soft palate?

Back 50

levator veli palatini

Front 51

what is the action of tensor veli palatini?

Back 51

tenses the soft palate

Front 52

which of the palatini muscles is most medial?

Back 52

LVP

Front 53

which muscle protrudes the tongue?

Back 53

genioglossus

Front 54

what is the action of palatoglossus?

Back 54

raises the tongue

Front 55

what does hyoglossus do?

Back 55

depresses the tongue

Front 56

which muscle retracts the tongue?

Back 56

styloglossus

Front 57

what do the intrinsic tongue muscles do?

Back 57

raise/depress tip, narrow, elongate, broaden, flatten

Front 58

which is largest salivary gland?

Back 58

parotid

Front 59

where is the apex of the parotid gland?

Back 59

angle of mandible

Front 60

which muscle does the parotid duct pierce?

Back 60

buccinator

Front 61

is the parotid gland serous, mucous or mixed?

Back 61

serous

Front 62

where does the facial nerve travel relative to the parotid gland?

Back 62

through it

Front 63

which blood vessel travels through the parotid gland?

Back 63

external carotid artery

Front 64

where is the submandibular duct?

Back 64

under the tongue

Front 65

which salivary gland secretes mucous?

Back 65

sublingual

Front 66

what is the sensory supply to the mouth?

Back 66

V2, V3

Front 67

what is the parasympathetic supply to the mouth?

Back 67

VII-pterygopalatine ganglion

Front 68

what is the sensory supply to the tongue?

Back 68

V3

Front 69

what is the motor supply to the tongue?

Back 69

XII (hypoglossal) except palatoglossus (X-XIc)

Front 70

which salivary gland's parasympathetic supply is IX (otic ganglion)?

Back 70

parotid gland

Front 71

what is the parasympathetic supply to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

Back 71

VII (submandibular ganglion)

Front 72

what innervates the LVP?

Back 72

X-XIc

Front 73

what innervates the TVP?

Back 73

V3

Front 74

what type of joint is the temperomandibular joint?

Back 74

condylar

Front 75

what are the articulating surfaces in the TMJ?

Back 75

mandibular fossa of temporal bone and head of mandible

Front 76

name the five layers of the scalp

Back 76

skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium

Front 77

which layer of the scalp facilitates movement of the skin?

Back 77

loose connective tissue

Front 78

name the muscles of mastication

Back 78

temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid

Front 79

which muscles elevate the jaw?

Back 79

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid

Front 80

which muscle depresses the jaw?

Back 80

lateral pterygoid

Front 81

which muscle has its origin at the sphenoid and its insertion at the neck/head of the mandible and articular disc of the TMJ?

Back 81

lateral pterygoid

Front 82

what does the lateral pterygoid do?

Back 82

depress and protract jaw

Front 83

where is the origin of the masseter?

Back 83

zygomatic, maxilla

Front 84

which muscle of mastication inserts into the inner mandible?

Back 84

medial pterygoid

Front 85

what is the action of the temporalis?

Back 85

elevation and retraction of the jaw

Front 86

what is the action of the masseter?

Back 86

elevation of the jaw

Front 87

what is the action of the lateral pterygoid?

Back 87

depression and protraction of jaw

Front 88

what is the action of the medial pterygoid?

Back 88

elevation and protraction of the jaw

Front 89

which two muscles protract the jaw?

Back 89

lateral and medial pterygoids

Front 90

what is the insertion of the medial pterygoid?

Back 90

inner mandible

Front 91

where does the temporalis insert?

Back 91

coronoid process of the mandible

Front 92

which muscles produce ear movements?

Back 92

auricular muscles

Front 93

which muscle is responsible for horizontal forehead wrinkles?

Back 93

frontalis

Front 94

which muscle is responsible for vertical forehead wrinkles?

Back 94

corrugator supercilli

Front 95

what does orbicularis oris do?

Back 95

close mouth

Front 96

which muscle elevates the lip and dilates the nose?

Back 96

levator labii superior alaeque nasi

Front 97

t/f... levator labii superior and zygomatic major elevate the lip

Back 97

false, levator labii superior and zygomatic minor elevate the lip

Front 98

which muscle depresses the lip?

Back 98

depressor labii inferior

Front 99

which three muscles elevate the angle?

Back 99

risorius, levator anguli oris, zygomatic major

Front 100

what does the mentalis do?

Back 100

elevates the chin lip

Front 101

t/f... buccinator is superficial

Back 101

false, buccinator is deep

Front 102

what is the action of platysma?

Back 102

lowers jaw lip, tenses neck

Front 103

name the suprahyoids

Back 103

geniohyoid, mylohyoid, digastric, stylohyoid

Front 104

where is the geniohyoid?

Back 104

mandible to the hyoid

Front 105

which suprahyoid is innervated by C1 through XII?

Back 105

geniohyoid

Front 106

where is the origin of the mylohyoid?

Back 106

mandible

Front 107

what is the function of mylohyoid?

Back 107

depression of jaw

Front 108

which two suprahyoids are innervated by the mandibular branch of trigeminal?

Back 108

mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric

Front 109

where is the origin of posterior belly of digastric?

Back 109

mastoid process of temporal bone

Front 110

what is the origin of stylohyoid?

Back 110

styloid process of temporal bone

Front 111

what is the function of stylohyoid?

Back 111

fix hyoid

Front 112

where does the anterior belly of the digastric insert?

Back 112

mandible

Front 113

which of the infrahyoids are innervated by C1-C3?

Back 113

sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid

Front 114

what is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?

Back 114

lower hyoid during swallowing/speech

Front 115

what innervates thyrohyoid?

Back 115

C1 through XII

Front 116

which infrahyoid originates at the scapula and inserts into the hyoid?

Back 116

omohyoid

Front 117

which infrahyoids are superficial?

Back 117

sternohyoid and omohyoid

Front 118

which infrahyoids are deep?

Back 118

sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

Front 119

what are the branches of the external carotid artery?

Back 119

superior thyroid, lingual, facial, maxillary, superficial temporal

Front 120

what are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein?

Back 120

lingual, superior thyroid, ant/ext jugular, facial, retromandibular, maxillary, superficial temporal

Front 121

what innervates the muscles of facial expression?

Back 121

VII

Front 122

what are the branches of the facial nerve?

Back 122

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

Front 123

which branch of VII supplies platysma?

Back 123

cervical VII

Front 124

which muscles does V3 innervate?

Back 124

muscles of mastication and some suprahyoids

Front 125

name the branches of the trigeminal nerve

Back 125

opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

Front 126

how is the external acoustic meatus oriented?

Back 126

concave anteriorly

Front 127

what is the nerve supply to the external acoustic meatus?

Back 127

V3, C2/3

Front 128

what are the two parts of the tympanic membrane?

Back 128

pars tensa, pars flaccida

Front 129

what is the nerve supply of the tympanic membrane?

Back 129

V3, X, IX

Front 130

name the ossicles

Back 130

malleus, incus, stapes

Front 131

what are the muscles of the middle ear?

Back 131

tensor tympani and stapedius

Front 132

what is the origin of tensor tympani?

Back 132

auditory tube

Front 133

where does the tensor tympani insert?

Back 133

handle of malleus

Front 134

which muscle goes from the posterior cavity to the stapes?

Back 134

stapedius

Front 135

what innervates stapedius?

Back 135

VII

Front 136

what innervates tensor tympani?

Back 136

V3

Front 137

is the cochlea part of the osseous or membranous labyrinth?

Back 137

osseous

Front 138

where is perilymph located?

Back 138

osseous labyrinth

Front 139

where is endolymph located?

Back 139

membranous labyrinth

Front 140

t/f... fat is scarce around the eye

Back 140

false

Front 141

which bones make up the roof of the orbit?

Back 141

frontal, sphenoid

Front 142

which bones compose the floor of the orbit?

Back 142

maxilla, zygomatic, palatine

Front 143

which bones comprise the medial wall of the orbit?

Back 143

maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid

Front 144

which bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit?

Back 144

sphenoid, zygomatic

Front 145

which cranial nerves travel through the superior orbital fissure?

Back 145

III, IV, VI, V1

Front 146

which cranial nerve travels through the inferior orbital fissure?

Back 146

V2

Front 147

where does the optic nerve travel in the eye?

Back 147

through the optic canal

Front 148

what is the muscle of the upper eyelid?

Back 148

levator palpebral superior

Front 149

what is the conjunctiva?

Back 149

mucous membrane covering eyelids and cornea

Front 150

where are tears produced?

Back 150

lacrimal gland

Front 151

what are the two parts of the external tunic of the globe?

Back 151

sclera and cornea

Front 152

where do the fibres of the optic nerve pass through the sclera?

Back 152

lamina cribrosa

Front 153

where does fluid from the canal of sclemm drain to?

Back 153

ciliary veins

Front 154

what is the function of the sclera?

Back 154

maintains form, drains aqueous humor

Front 155

how is the cornea nourished?

Back 155

by aqueous humor (cornea is avascular and lymph free)

Front 156

what is the function of the cornea?

Back 156

lets light in, focuser

Front 157

t/f... the choroid is tightly bound to the retina but loosely bound to the sclera

Back 157

true

Front 158

what is the function of the choroid?

Back 158

blood supply for outer retina and absorption of light

Front 159

what is the function of the ciliary body?

Back 159

suspend lens, accommodation, produce aqueous humor

Front 160

what are the components of the middle tunic of the globe?

Back 160

choroid, ciliary body, iris

Front 161

which muscle of the iris has concentric fibres?

Back 161

sphincter pupillae

Front 162

which muscle of the iris looks like the spokes of a wheel?

Back 162

dilatator pupillae

Front 163

where is the blind spot of the eye?

Back 163

optic disc

Front 164

what is the aqueous humor composed of?

Back 164

glucose, amino acids, ascorbic acid

Front 165

what is the vitreous humor?

Back 165

water, salts, glycoprotein

Front 166

is the lens avascular?

Back 166

yes

Front 167

what effect on the lens does relaxation of the suspensory ligament?

Back 167

fat lens

Front 168

what are the origins of the recti?

Back 168

common tendinous ring

Front 169

what is the origin of the superior oblique?

Back 169

sphenoid

Front 170

what is the origin of the inferior oblique?

Back 170

maxilla

Front 171

which oblique eye muscle originates from the maxilla?

Back 171

inferior oblique

Front 172

where is the levator palpebral superior relative to the obliques and recti?

Back 172

superior to all

Front 173

what movements are produced by the superior rectus?

Back 173

up/intorsion/adduction

Front 174

which muscle produces elevation/extorsion/abduction of the eye?

Back 174

inferior oblique

Front 175

what movements are produced by the inferior rectus?

Back 175

down/extorsion/adduction

Front 176

which muscle moves the eye down, out and inwards?

Back 176

superior oblique

Front 177

what is the action of medial rectus?

Back 177

adduction

Front 178

which muscle abducts the eye alone?

Back 178

lateral rectus

Front 179

what is the clinical test for a superior oblique lesion?

Back 179

adduction/down

Front 180

what is the arterial supply to the inner retina?

Back 180

central retinal artery

Front 181

where does the opthalmic vein drain to?

Back 181

cavernous sinus

Front 182

which eye muscles are supplied by occulomotor?

Back 182

SR, IR, MR, IO, LPS

Front 183

what innervates the superior oblique?

Back 183

trochlear

Front 184

what innervates the LR?

Back 184

abducent

Front 185

what is the sensory supply to the retina?

Back 185

optic nerve

Front 186

what is the sensory supply to the eye and its surrounds?

Back 186

V1

Front 187

which cranial nerves are associated with the eyes?

Back 187

occulomotor, trochlear, abducent

Front 188

which muscle is parasympathetically innervated by the occulomotor nerve?

Back 188

sphincter pupillae

Front 189

what sign is present in a lesion of the abducent?

Back 189

medial squint (esotropia)

Front 190

where do the cell bodies of the sensory fibres of the trigeminal lie?

Back 190

trigeminal ganglion

Front 191

how does V1 exit the skull?

Back 191

superior orbital fissure

Front 192

which cranial nerve exits the skull through the foramen rotundum?

Back 192

V2

Front 193

where does V3 exit the skull?

Back 193

foramen ovale

Front 194

which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Back 194

V3

Front 195

which cranial nerve travels through the stylomastoid foramen?

Back 195

facial

Front 196

which cranial nerves are associated with the face?

Back 196

trigeminal and facial

Front 197

which cranial nerve is associated with the ears?

Back 197

vestibulocochlear

Front 198

what type of fibres are in the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Back 198

sensory

Front 199

which cranial nerves are associated with the mouth?

Back 199

glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

Front 200

where does glossopharyngeal exit the skull?

Back 200

jugular foramen

Front 201

which salivary gland receives nerve fibres from the otic ganglion?

Back 201

parotid gland

Front 202

which cranial nerve supplies taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Back 202

IX

Front 203

which muscle of the pharynx is innervated by glossopharyngeal?

Back 203

stylopharyngeus

Front 204

where does the vagus nerve exit the skull?

Back 204

jugular foramen

Front 205

what is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

Back 205

motor to tongue (except palatoglossus)

Front 206

where does the hypoglossal exit the skull?

Back 206

hypoglossal canal

Front 207

Primitive streak?

Back 207

AT cloacal side, grows rostally, epiblast cell movement, becomes node

Front 208

notocord

Back 208

becomes nucleus pulposis, underneath ectoderm, triggers it to become CNS/neural cord = spine and brain

Front 209

neural crest cells

Back 209

detach from ectoderm, form cranial nerves, face and neck structure of the pharyngeal apparatus

Front 210

Bones of foetus cranium?

Back 210

separated by connective tissue, begin as cartillage, overlap in birth then mould after. from somites

Front 211

where are facial bones from embryologically?

Back 211

pharangeal apparatus

Front 212

Acrania?

Back 212

Incompatible with life, calvaria/vault fails to form, usually associated with no brain development

Front 213

Craniosynostosis?

Back 213

prenatal closure of sutures, unable to easily fit through birth canal

Front 214

holoprosencephaly?

Back 214

single features e.g. nostril, eye, no separation of hemispheres, cleft palate, long skull

Front 215

Pharangeal apparatus?

Back 215

branchial/fish like/gill, made by arches, puches, grooves membranes, makes head and neck majority

Front 216

Components of pharyngeal arches?

Back 216

Arch with pouch inside, groove on outside, and membrane of mesoderm separating pouch and groove.

Neural crest cells, surrounding mesoderm.
arches from foregut, lined with ecto and endo derm

arch has artery cartilage muscle nerves

Front 217

Which pharayngeal arches are the most prominent?

Back 217

1 and 2

Front 218

What are the 2 major prominences of 1st arch?

Back 218

Mandibular and Maxillary prominence

Front 219

Structures arising from Pharangeal arch 1?

Back 219

Bones - Incus, malleus, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, mandible, squamous part of temporal

Muscles of mastication, myelohyoid, ant belly digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

Nerve - trigeminal, mandibular (V3)

Front 220

Structures arising from Pharangeal arch 2?

Back 220

Bones - stapes, styloid process of temporal, part of hyoid

Muscles of facial expression - stylohyoid, post belly digastric, stapedius

Nerve - facial

Front 221

Structures arising from Pharangeal arch 3?

Back 221

Bones - Rest of hyoid

Muscles - Stylopharangeus

Nerve - glossopharyngeal

Front 222

Structures arising from Pharangeal arch 4 and to an extent 6?

Back 222

Bones - laryngeal cartilages

Levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, pharyngeal constrictors, laryngeal muscles (6th too)

Nerve - vagus

Front 223

Where do glossal muscles develop from embryologically?

Back 223

Mesoderm of somites, not pharyngeal arches. Occipital somites/post-otic myotomes

(Nerve = specific nerve innervations)

Front 224

Where do occular muscles develop from?

Back 224

Mesoderm of somites, not pharyngeal arches. Preottic myotomes, around orbit

Front 225

Where do the styloid muscles come from embryologically?

Back 225

stylohyoid - 2nd arch
stylopharangeaus - 3rd arch
styloglossus - somite

Front 226

Where do the palatini muscles come from?

Back 226

tensor veli palatini = 1st arch
levator veli palatini = 4th and 6th arch

Front 227

Where do the palato muscles come from?

Back 227

palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus come from 4th arch

Front 228

1st pharangeal pouch develops into what?

Back 228

tympanic cavity, auditory tube

Front 229

2nd pharangeal pouch develops into what?

Back 229

tonsil fossa, palatine tonsil

Front 230

3rd pharangeal pouch develops into what?

Back 230

thymus, epithelium to parathyroid

Front 231

4th pharangeal pouch develops into what?

Back 231

epithelium parathyroid gland

Front 232

What does pharyngeal groove 1 develop into?

Back 232

External acoustic meatus

Front 233

What do pharyngeal grooves 2-4 become?

Back 233

cervical sinus, disappears completely in adult

Front 234

What forms the tympanic membrane?

Back 234

Pharyngeal membrane 1.

Front 235

Describe pharyngeal sinus/fistula/cyst issues?

Back 235

Cervical sinus (from pharyngeal grooves 2-4) does not disappear as it should, creating an opening in side of neck allowing mucous out.
Fistula comes down from 2nd pouch and joins up with pharyngeal sinus and empties mucous down side of neck.
Cyst - picked up in adolescents, slow growing, asymptomatic.

Front 236

What is 1st arch syndrome?

Back 236

Neural crest cells fail to migrate into pharyngeal arch, children have downward slopde eyes, underdeveloped facial bones, cleft lip/palate.

Front 237

Describe thyroid gland development?

Back 237

Extends down through tongue to get to neck, joined to starting point (foramen coecum) by thyroglossal duct which will eventually atrophy.

Front 238

Describe the appearance and development of a thyroglossal duct and cyst in an adult?

Back 238

If thyroglossal duct doesn't atrophy, may develop cyst either just opposite hyoid bone in midline or less commonly in tongue. If doesn't get infected, benign, and its only clinical presentation is a mass that moves up and down with swallowing.

Front 239

Describe the 1st stage of palate development?

Back 239

1st - median palatal process of hard palate, boxed in by developing maxilary process and nasal septum, just in front of incisive suture/foramina in adult.

Front 240

Describe the 2nd stage of palate development ?

Back 240

2nd - bulk of hard and soft palate, maxillary prominences come together laterally and fuse in midline (made of maxillary, palatine and soft palate), boxes in median palatine process, front part ossifies into bone, second part remains soft and becomes uvula

Front 241

What embryological structure is involved in the formation of a cleft lip?

Back 241

Involves median palatal process not fusing in the 1st stage of palate development

Front 242

What embryological process does not occur to form a cleft palate?

Back 242

The maxillary prominences do not fuse, which is the 2nd stage of palate development, and this may lead to clefting in the hard and/or soft palate (eg fishtailed uvula)

Front 243

Where pharyngeal arch do the 'tensor' muscles of head and neck arise from?

Back 243

tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini arise from the 1st pharyngeal arch