Anatomy Lectures 9/3-8/8

Front 1

Describe the process of negative feedback, using the following key words: receptor, control center, effector.

Back 1

Negative feedback reverses a change, taking the system back toward a set point. The receptor is the temperature sensors in the skin and hypothalamus that senses it is not in homeostasis. The control center is the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus that wants to maintain the body’s temperature. The effectors are the sweat glands in the skin that increase secretions to maintain homeostasis.

Front 2

Describe the process of positive feedback

Back 2

It builds up until an end result that shuts it off. Ex)orgasm, blood clotting—message is sent to brain that sends platelets need to be sent to the area to form a scab,

Front 3

Which portion of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic, and why?

Back 3

The tails are hydrophobic because the tails are made of lipids that hydrophobic

Front 4

Which portion of the plasma membrane is hydrophilic, and why?

Back 4

the head because it is made of phorphorus that is hydrophilic ion

Front 5

Why do we say that “phospholipids give the plasma membrane its structure, but proteins give the plasma membrane its function?”

Back 5

The proteins help make the channels into and out of the cell which control what enters and leaves the cell

Front 6

Describe 6 different function of membrane proteins.

Back 6

Membrane enzymes- (integral and peripheral) → catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell, depends on which direction the active site faces

Receptor proteins-(integral) receives a signal→ recognizes specific protein (lignand) which alters the cell’s function in some way

Linker proteins- (integral and peripheral) anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma, providing structural stability and shape for the cell

Recognition proteins (glycoprotein)→ distinguish your cell’s from anyone else’s

Transport proteins (integral)→ transports specific substances across membran by changing shape

Ion channel proteins (integral) –allows specific ions to move through water-filled pore

Front 7

Explain the “fluid-mosaic model” of the cell membrane.Describe the different cytoskeletal elements, including the differences in their sizes and their positions and functions in the cell.

Back 7

everychanging and every moving components/location
microfilaments- weblike arrangement inside plasma membrane, help in cell movement and support
intermediate filaments- organelles attached to cytoskeleton that help maintain shape and resist mechanical stress to cell
microtubules→ largest, long and hollow provide strength and rigidity to cell, anchored in centrosome
thick filaments- found in muscle cell thickest filaments

--2X greater from top to bottom

Front 8

homeostasis

Back 8

the maintenance of a stable internal environmet (relatively unchanging)

Front 9

Set point

Back 9

within a set range, but may vary within range (many controlled by the brain)

Front 10

Negative Feedback

Back 10

reverses a change, taking the system back toward a set point (hypothalmus helps control homeostasis, most import organs are negative feedback)

Front 11

positive feedback

Back 11

reinforces change, carrying it further away from a set point. Continues until some mechanism interrupts the process
(continues until a release. ex> having a baby, orgasm)

Front 12

somatic cells

Back 12

body cells

Front 13

sex cells

Back 13

sperm or egg cells

Front 14

extracellular

Back 14

the interstital fluid of the tissue--> space between all the cells

Front 15

intracellular

Back 15

in fluid inside the cell

Front 16

interstitial

Back 16

the space between all the cells

Front 17

plasma membrane

Back 17

the outer boundary of the cell

Front 18

phospholipid bilayer

Back 18

phosphate containing head providing hydrophillic inner and outer membrane surface, 2 sheets of phospolipid molecules (very stable arrangement)

Front 19

integral membrane protein

Back 19

give the cell its unique functions--> embeded in the membrane of the cell

Front 20

peripheral membrane protein

Back 20

bound to the inner or outer surface of the cell

Front 21

membrane enzymes

Back 21

catalyzes reaction inside or outside the cell (depending on the direction the active site faces)

integral & peripheral

Front 22

recognition proteins

Back 22

distinguishes your cells from anyone else's

glycoprotein

Front 23

transport proteins

Back 23

transport specific substances across membrane by changing shape, proteins selectively bind to things from the outside world

integral

Front 24

receptor protein

Back 24

receives a signal, recognize specific protein and altars cell's function in some way

integral

Front 25

Linker proteins

Back 25

anchor filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell

integral and peripheral

Front 26

ion channel proteins

Back 26

allows specific ions to move through water-filled pore--> most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions

integral

Front 27

cytoskeleton

Back 27

provides strength and flexibility and contribute to movement (consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, and thick filaments)

Front 28

microfilaments

Back 28

smallest, web-like arrangement inside the plasma membrane (actin)--> helps in cell movement and support

Front 29

intermediate filaments

Back 29

strong, resist mechanical stress to cell, stabilize the position of organelles within cytoplasm (help maintain shape)

Front 30

Microtubules

Back 30

largest, long & hollow, provide strength and rigidity to cell; anchored to centrosome, chromosome movement--> trafficking through cell relies on them

Front 31

thick filaments

Back 31

found in muscle cells (myosin) the thickest part of cytoskeleton

Front 32

Microvilli

Back 32

short extensions of plasma membrane, many per cell
(don't move)
increase surface are of cell membrane
found on cells that move a lot of substances across the membrane(inside to outside & vise-versa)

Front 33

centriole

Back 33

microtubule organizing center

Front 34

ribosome

Back 34

manufacture proteins (site of protein synthesis)
are composed of a large &small ribosomal subunit
contain ribosomal RNA

Front 35

free ribosomes

Back 35

ones that are free to move through cytoplasm

Front 36

fixed ribosomes

Back 36

ribosomes attached to another organelle that is stationary

Front 37

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 37

intracellular membranes involved in synthesis, storage, transportation and detoxification
forms cisternae=spaces in ER

contains ribosomes-forms transport vesicles-making proteins

Front 38

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 38

involved in lipid synthesis & CHO

Front 39

Golgi Apparatus

Back 39

modify, package and ship new proteins to their destination inside of outside the cell

Front 40

secretory vesicles

Back 40

membranous sacs containing fluid and solutes, which are shuttled toward the plasma membrane where the contents are discharged by exocytosis

Front 41

lysosome

Back 41

vesicles that are digestive bags of enzyme
responsible for breakdown of ingested substances and autolysis (self-destruction of injured cells)

Front 42

mitochondria

Back 42

responsible for ATP production though aerobic respiration

Front 43

matrix

Back 43

fluid contents of mitochondra

Front 44

cristae

Back 44

folds in inner membrane, large surface area for enzyme activity

Front 45

nucleus

Back 45

center of cellular operation, contains DNA and related proteins
communicates with cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Front 46

nuclear pore

Back 46

let things in and out of cytoplasm

Front 47

nucleolus (nucleoli=plural)

Back 47

active areas within DNA, dark cluster or "spot" indicative of active protein synthesis

Front 48

chromatin

Back 48

the uncoiled, loose form of DNA present the rest of the time, when a cell is in the active, non-dividing state

Front 49

chromosome

Back 49

the form of DNA when it is tightly packed with histone proteins into structures visible at the time of cell division

Front 50

histone protein

Back 50

strongly alkaline proteins that package and structure DNA in the chromosomes