Anatomy Lecture Test 2

Front 1

false and floating ribs

Back 1

8-10 false

11-12 floating

Front 2

how many pairs of external intercostal muscles?

Back 2

11 pairs attaching rib to rib

Front 3

intermediate layer of intercostal muscles and how many pairs?

Back 3

internal intercostal muscles- 11 pairs rib to rib

Front 4

deepest layer of intercostal muscles are made up of

Back 4

3 sets of muscles
- innermost intercostal muscles (rib to next rib)
- subcostal muscles
- transverse thoracic muscle

Front 5

arteries of thoracic wall

Back 5

internal thoracic artery
- anterior intercostal arteries
- superior epigastric artery (terminal)
- musculophrenic artery (terminal)

posterior intercostal arteries

Front 6

length and diameter of trachea

Back 6

10-12 cm long
2-3 cm diameter

Front 7

2 recesses of pleura

Back 7

costodiaphragmatic
costomediastinal

Front 8

parasympathetic/ sympathetic innervation of the lungs

Back 8

parasympathetic (bronchoconstriction)- vagus nerve, CNX)

sympathetic (bronchodilation)- sympathetic trunk

Front 9

boundaries of mediastinum

anterior
posterior
superior
inferior
lateral

Back 9

sternum
vertebral column
thoracic inlet
diaphragm
pleura

Front 10

2 layers of pericardium

Back 10

fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium

Front 11

protects the heart from overfilling and is fused with ___________

Back 11

fibrous pericardium

fused with central tendon of diapragm

Front 12

2 layers of serous pericardium

Back 12

parietal layer (fused with fibrous pericardium)
visceral pericardium (forms epicardium- outer layer of heart wall)

Front 13

space formed by parietal and visceral heart coverings

Back 13

pericardial cavity

Front 14

heart is located substernal between ______ and _______

______ to the left of midline

projects _______ and ________

Back 14

substernal between sternal angle and 5th intercostal space

two thirds to the left of midline

From the attachments of the vena cava and pulmonary veins the heart projects anteriorly and to the left

Front 15

Right atrium and ventricle are _________ and _________

Left atrium and ventricle are ______ and _______

Back 15

Right atrium and ventricle are anterior and superior
Left atrium and ventricle are posterior and inferior

Front 16

arteries that can be seen from the anterior view of the heart

Back 16

Left Coronary Artery
- circumflex artery
- anterior interventricular artery

Right Coronary Artery
- marginal artery

Front 17

arteries that can be seen from the posterior view of the heart

Back 17

right coronary artery wraps around to branch off
- marginal artery (both views)
- posterior interventricular artery

cricumflex artery from left coronary can be seen anastamosing with the right coronary artery

Front 18

veins that drain the heart supply

Back 18

middle cardiac vein (posterior)
great cardiac vein (anterior)

Coronary sinus (multiple veins drain here)

Front 19

3 openings that bring veinous blood to right atrium

Back 19

coronary sinus, SVC, IVC

Front 20

designed to get blood from right to left atrium in fetus.
What is it and where is it in the adult?

Back 20

Oval Foramen

Fossa Ovalis- Right Aria ONLY

Front 21

ridged muscles inside the right atria

Back 21

pectinate muscles

Front 22

separates pectinate muscle from smooth in the right atria

Back 22

crista terminalis

Front 23

function of papillary muscles/ cordae tendinae

Back 23

keep tricuspid valve closed when blood moving out to pulmonary circulation

Front 24

ridged muscle in right ventricle and its function

Back 24

trabeculae carne- aids in contraction

Front 25

helps innervate the papillary muscles

Back 25

moderator band

Front 26

valve connecting right atrium and ventricle

Back 26

tricuspid valve

Front 27

valve connecting right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

Back 27

pulmonary valve

Front 28

valve connecting left atrium to left ventricle

Back 28

mitral valve (bicuspid)

Front 29

only portion of left atrium that has pectinate muscle

Back 29

auricle

Front 30

valve connection left ventricle to aorta

Back 30

aortic valve

Front 31

part of heart contracting during diastole

Back 31

atria

Front 32

part of heart contracting during systole

Back 32

ventricles

Front 33

in fetus, takes blood from right ventricle straight to aorta. What is it in adults?

Back 33

ductus arteriosus

ligamentum arteriosum

Front 34

spread of electrical conduction through heart

Back 34

Sinu-atrial node --> AV node --> bundle of his --> right and left bundle branches --> apex --> back up sides of heart through purkinje fibers

Front 35

attaches to the manubrium

Back 35

ribs 1 and 2, clavicle

Front 36

attaches to the body of the sternum

Back 36

ribs 2 through 7

Front 37

location of sternal angle and what it demarcates

Back 37

junction of manubrium and body

demarcates attachment of rib 2

Front 38

characterized by parenchymal destruction distal to the terminal bronchioles

Back 38

emphysema

Front 39

pocket of air between the two layers of pleura

Back 39

pneumothorax

Front 40

2 ineffective valves in the right atrium

Back 40

inferior vena cava
coronary sinus opening

Front 41

chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough blood

Back 41

angina

Front 42

problems involving the potential space surrounding the heart or pericardium


and its implications

Back 42

pericarditis or cardiac tamponade

blood or fluid collects in pericardium, ventricles can't expand fully, can't fill or pump blood adequately

Front 43

the hemodynamic result of fluid accumulation in potential space around heart

Back 43

cardiac tamponade

Front 44

one cause of fluid accumulation in potential space surrounding the heart

Back 44

pericarditis

Front 45

blood borne bacterial infection of endocardial lining, can occur in patients with damaged heart valves

can be caused from dental procedures that cause bleeding

Back 45

subacute bacterial endocarditis

Front 46

contents of superior mediastinum (9)

Back 46

1. thymus
2. brachiocephalic veins
3. superior vena cava
4. aortic arch
5. vagus nerves
6. phrenic nerves
7. trachea
8. esophagus
9. thoracic duct

Front 47

contents of posterior mediastinum (6)

Back 47

1. esophagus
2. vagus nerves
3. descending thoracic aorta
4. thoracic duct
5. thoracic veinous system
6. sympathetic trunk

Front 48

3 divisions of inferior mediastinum and contents

Back 48

anterior: thymus (infants), lymph nodes

middle: heart and pericardium, great vessels, phrenic nerves

posterior: esophagus, descending aorta, azygos vv.

Front 49

thymus grows until puberty then it _________

Back 49

involudes

Front 50

primary lymphoid organ for T cell population

Back 50

thymus

Front 51

major tributaries to brachiocephalic veins

Back 51

internal thoracic
vertebral
inferior thyroid
highest intercostal veins

Front 52

brachiocephalic veins formed by union of __________ and _________ veins

Back 52

internal jugular and subclavian veins

Front 53

forms superior vena cava

Back 53

left and right brachiocephalic veins

Front 54

where superior vena cava is formed

Back 54

just posterior to first right costal cartilage

Front 55

superior vena cava lies on the ____ side of mediastinum

________ to trachea

__________ to ascending aorta

Back 55

right side of mediastinum

anterolateral (infront of and to the side) of trachea

posterolateral (behind and to the side) of ascending aorta

Front 56

vagus nerves branch to these plexuses

Back 56

pulmonary, esophageal,a nd cardiac plexuses

Front 57

right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around _________ and ascends into the neck to innervate __________

Back 57

subclavian artery

innervates larynx

Front 58

leeft recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around _________ and ascends into the next to innervate

Back 58

aortic arch

innervates larynx

Front 59

roots of phrenic nerves

Back 59

C3-C5

Front 60

sole motor supply to diaphragm

Back 60

phrenic nerves

Front 61

the trachea bifurcates at level of __________ into right and left principal bronchii

lies ________ and ______ of aortic arch

_________ (anterior/posterior) to esophagus

Back 61

bifurcates at sternal angle

lies posterior and to right of aortic arch

anterior to esophagus

Front 62

esophagus extends from _____ to the stomach

enters superior medastinum between ____ and _____

Back 62

lower pharynx (cricoid cartilage) to stomach

enters between trachea and vertebral column

Front 63

3 constrictions of the esophagus

Back 63

- aortic constriction by arch of aorta

- bronchial constriction by left principal bronchus

- diaphragmatic constriction (where it goes through)

Front 64

esophagus passes _______ to the _____ principal bronchus

Back 64

posterior to left bronchus

Front 65

origin of thoracic duct

Back 65

cisterna chyli in abdomen

Front 66

where thoracic duct terminates

Back 66

junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins

Front 67

esophagus crosses ___ of midline in posterior mediastinum and exits through __________ of the diaphragm

Back 67

LEFT of midline

exits through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm

Front 68

phrenic nerves pass _____ to root of lung

vagus nerves pass ____ to root of lung

Back 68

anterior

posterior

Front 69

forms majority of anterior vagal trunk

Back 69

left vagus nerve

Front 70

forms majority of posterior vagal trunk

Back 70

right vagus nerve

Front 71

where descending aorta begins

Back 71

lower border of T4

Front 72

5 branches of the descending aorta

Back 72

Bronchial
Posterior intercostals
Subcostal
Esophageal
Phrenic (superior)

Front 73

azygos vein is formed by junction of these veins

Back 73

right subcostal and right ascending lumbar veins

Front 74

tributaries to the azygos

Back 74

right posterior intercostal veins
right superior intercostal vein

Front 75

hemiazygos vein receives tributaries from

Back 75

left posterior intercostal veins below T8

connects to azygos vein, ends at T8 where it crosses to the right to join the azygos

Front 76

hemiazygos vein formed by junction of these veins

Back 76

left subcostal and left ascending lumbar veins

Front 77

accessory hemiazygos vein is formed by the union of

Back 77

3 or 4 left posterior intercostal veins above T8

Front 78

accessory hemiazygos vein may be joined by this vein, and at what spaces?

Back 78

left superior intercostal vein, spaces 2-4

Front 79

drains space 1 on each side of body, usually joins brachiocephalic trunk

Back 79

supreme intercostal veins

Front 80

where posterior intercostal v drains into

Back 80

azygos vein

Front 81

where anterior intercostal vein drains into

Back 81

internal thoracic v.

Front 82

sympathetic trunk made up of ____ pairs of thoracic ganglia

Back 82

11 or 12 pairs (motor autonomic sympathetic)

Front 83

how sympathetic trunks communicate with intercostal nerves

Back 83

rami communicantes

white- pre ganglionic
gray- post ganglionic

Front 84

ganglion that are often fused (stellate ganglion)

Back 84

1st thoracic ganglion
and inferior cervical ganglion

Front 85

greater splanchnic nerve spans _______ and primarily synapse in this ganglion

Back 85

T5-T10

celiac ganglion

Front 86

lesser splanchnic nerve spans ______ and primarily synapses in this ganglion

Back 86

T9-T11

celiac ganglion

Front 87

lowest splanchnic nerve spans ___ and primarily synapses in this ganglion

Back 87

T12

rengal ganglion

Front 88

trachea muscle that runs posteriorly between the open ends of the cartilage rings

Back 88

trachialis muscles

Front 89

the superior vena cava drains everything above the diaphragm except for what

Back 89

lungs

Front 90

the posterior intercostal arteries are most often branches of thoracic aorta. the upper two are often

Back 90

branches of the costocervical trunk of subclavian artery (supreme intercostal artery)

Front 91

branches from the principal bronchus

Back 91

principal --> lobar bronchii --> segmental bronchii --> bronchopulmonary segments --> smaller branches

Front 92

inflammation of the pleura, often leading to adhesions between parietal and visceral layers of the pleura

Back 92

pleurisy

Front 93

nerve supply to the parietal and visceral pleuras

Back 93

- regionally by nerves in the area (phrenic and intercostal nerves)

- supplied by autonomics that innervate the lung

Front 94

occurs when a small weakened area of lung ruptures

Back 94

spontaneous pneumothorax

Front 95

a pneumothorax that can follow an injury that introduces air into the pleural space

Back 95

thoracentesis

Front 96

surgical procedure to remove plaque and fatty deposits from carotid arteries

Back 96

carotid endarterectomy

Front 97

prominent during congestive heart failure

what do they tell you

Back 97

internal and external jugular veins

tell you whether the heart is keeping up with physiological demands or failing through their projection and pulsation rate

Front 98

serves as a reflex pressoreceptor assisting in regulation of blood pressure in cerebral arteries

where is it located?

Back 98

carotid sinus (at bifurcation of common carotid and extending into the internal carotid)

Front 99

chemoreceptor in the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

Back 99

carotid body

Front 100

innervation of the carotid sinus

carotid body?

Back 100

- CN IX

- CN IX and X

Front 101

nerves that make up the cardiac plexus

Back 101

- sympathetic from cervical ganglia (accelerates heart rate)

- parasympathetic from vagus X