Anatomy Lecture Flash Cards Exam 3

Front 1

What are Neural Pools?

Back 1

groups of interconnected neurons with specific Functions

Front 2

What is convergence?

Back 2

Impulses from 2 or more incoming fibers converge on a single neruon

Front 3

What is Divergence?

Back 3

The spread of information from one neuron to several neurons (one pool to multiple pools)

Front 4

What are multipolar neurons?

Back 4

several dendrites and a single axon and cell body (soma)

Front 5

what are sensory neurons?

Back 5

Afferent division of the PNS
deliver messages between the sensory receptors and spinal cord or brain

Front 6

What are Motor Neruons?

Back 6

Form the efferent division of the PNS
stimulates or modifies the activies of organs, organs systems, peripheral tissue

Front 7

What are interneurons

Back 7

neurons between motor and sensory, found entirely in the brain

analyze sensory inputs and coordinate motor output

Front 8

What are nerves?

Back 8

Can be sensory, mixed or motor
surrounded by 3 connective tissue layers: epineurium, perineurium, endonuriem

Front 9

what is the epineurium?

Back 9

surround the entire bundle of nerve fibers and has blood vessels running along it

Front 10

What is the Perineurium?

Back 10

surrounds each fassicle (nerve bundle)

Front 11

what is the endoneurium?

Back 11

surrounds each individual axon

Front 12

what is a nerve pathway?

Back 12

path that an impulse takes through the nervous system

some produce reflex arcs

Front 13

what does a reflex arc include?

Back 13

reflex center (receives) interneuron (send out info), motor neuron (acts out on sent information from interneuron)

Front 14

What is the importance of reflex behaviors?

Back 14

1.automatic unconscious response to changes
2. help to maintain homeostasis through secretions
3. Protective mechanisms (withdrawal reflex)

Front 15

What is the anatomical organization of white and grey matter in the PNS?

Back 15

White Matter - divded into Spinal nerves and Cranial nerves

Grey- sensory and visceral motor Ganglia

Front 16

what is the anatomical organization of grey and white matter in the CNS?

Back 16

Grey- Centers with nucleus
White- Tracts organized into columns

Centers + Tracts = Pathways

Front 17

what are centers and tracts in the CNS?

Back 17

Centers- collections of neural bodies in the CNS
Tracts- Bundles of axons with common destinations and functions

Front 18

What is the CNS composed of?

Back 18

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 19

what is the anatomy of the spinal cord?

Back 19

nerve column that extends from the brain to spinal cord (2 way communication)

Grey matter is organized into a butterfly shape (dorsal, lateral ventral horns)

White matter- separated into right and left halves

Front 20

what are the areas of the cervical enlargement?

Back 20

C1-T1, hold motor neurons that serve the pectoral appendages

Front 21

what is the area of Lumbar enlargement?

Back 21

T1-L1, hold motor neurons that serve the pelvic appendages

Front 22

what are dorsal root ganglia?

Back 22

contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons

Front 23

what is a dorsal root?

Back 23

contains the axons of sensory neurons

Front 24

what is a ventral root?

Back 24

contain the axons of somatic motor neurons

Front 25

why are spinal cords classified as mixed nerves?

Back 25

contain efferent and afferent fibers
(Motor and sensory)

Front 26

What are meninges?

Back 26

connective tissue layers that cover the spinal cord from the brain that provide protection, stability, shock absorption

Front 27

what are the meningical layers?

Back 27

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia Matter

Front 28

what is the dura matter?

Back 28

made of dense irregular tissue and forms the outermost covering of the spinal cord and brain

Front 29

what is the acrachnoid matter?

Back 29

Middle layer, looks like a spider web and consists of simple squamous epithelium

Front 30

what is the pia matter?

Back 30

most delicate, loose connective tissue, BV found here, separated from the arcachnoid matter by the subacrachnoid space

Front 31

what are denticulate ligaments?

Back 31

extensions of the spinal pia matter that connect the pia matter and arachnoid layer to the dura matter

Front 32

How is the grey matter in the spinal cord organized?

Back 32

cell bodies of neurons are organized into groups called nuclei and horns (posterior, lateral, dorsal)

Front 33

what is found in the posterior grey horn?

Back 33

somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

Front 34

what is found in the lateral grey horn?

Back 34

visceral motor neurons , not present in all segments

Front 35

what is found in the anterior grey horn?

Back 35

neurons concerned with somatic motor control

Front 36

how is the white matter of the spinal cord organized?

Back 36

Columns which contain tracts( asending -spinal cord to brain and desending- brain to spinal cord)

Front 37

what is the fasiculuis gracilis and fasiculus cuneatus tracts?

Back 37

Asending tract
Carry sensory information : touch vibration
Gracillis- info from lower region
Cuneatus- upper region

Front 38

what is the spinothalmic tracts?

Back 38

Asendiing Tract
Carries pain, information about temperature and itches

Front 39

what is the spinocerebellar tract?

Back 39

Asending tract
info from muscles and joints to the cerebellum

Front 40

what is the corticospinal tract?

Back 40

Desending Tract
carries info to appendages

Front 41

what is the reticulospinal tract?

Back 41

Desending tract
midbrain to spinal cord

Front 42

what is the rubrospinal tract?

Back 42

Desending tract
red nucleus to spinal cord
makes adjustments to limbs as one flexes and extends

Front 43

what is the vestibulospinal tract?

Back 43

Inner ear to the spinal cord, helps to make adjustments to balance

Front 44

what is the tectospinal tract?

Back 44

Eyes to spinal tract, helps to regulate movement of head and eyes

Front 45

what is the coricobular tract?

Back 45

desending tract
regulates muscles of the face

Front 46

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of ?

Back 46

cranial and spinal nerves

Front 47

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Back 47

31, each by a dorsal and ventral root

Front 48

what are dorsal roots?

Back 48

send sensory information to the spinal cord

Front 49

what are ventral roots?

Back 49

motor information to the spinal cord

Front 50

where do the ventral and dorsal roots converge?

Back 50

intervertebral foramen

Front 51

what are the branches of the spinal nerves?

Back 51

created from the convergence of the dorsal and ventral roots, there are 4 branches:
- dorsal ramus
-ventral ramus
-Grey Rami communicantes
- White rami communicantes

Front 52

what is the dorsal ramus

Back 52

branch of the spinal nerves that carries somatic information to the skin and muscles

Front 53

what is the ventral ramus/

Back 53

main part of the spinal nerves that carries
somatic information to the front of the body and viseral info from organs

Front 54

what grey rami communicantes

Back 54

carries mylenated automatic nerve fibers from the spinal cord to ganglian

Front 55

what is the white rami communicante?

Back 55

carries unmylenated automatic nerve fibers to ganglion

Front 56

what do spinal nerves combine to form?

Back 56

plexuses

Front 57

what is the region of cervical plexues?

Back 57

C1-C5, send nerves to the lower part of the face and occipital region

Front 58

what is the region of the brachial plexues?

Back 58

C6-T1, subdivided into 3 trunks (superior middle, inferior)

Front 59

what do the superior and middle brachial trunks recominbe to form?

Back 59

muscular cutaneous nerve

Front 60

what do the inferior and middle nerve combine to form?

Back 60

radial nerve

Front 61

what does the inferior trunk form?

Back 61

the ulnar and medial nerve

Front 62

what is the region of the lumbarsacral plexues?

Back 62

T12-L4, and L5-S4
the obturator nerve, femoral nerve and sciatic nerves are found here

femoreal and obturator nerve = sacral plexues