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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ATP can only be stored in muscle for ______ sec |
4-6 |
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what is muscle metabolism equation? |
ATP -----> ADP + Pi + E |
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what are the 3 pathways for ADP? |
1. direct phosphorylation of ADP 2. Anaerobic pathway 3. Aerobic pathway |
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main players: creatine phosphate; CP meets up with ADP and gives you ATP + C; fast; reversible |
direct phosphorylation of ADP |
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breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate with no O2 around; fast speed; after effects of lactic acid |
anaerobic pathway |
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begins as glycolysis + O2; full breakdown of sugar into constituents; occurs in mitochondria; speed is slow |
aerobic pathway |
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physiological inability for muscles to contract despite stimulation |
muscle fatigue |
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what are the principles of muscle mechanics? |
1. princ. of contraction for 1 fiber = multiple fibers 2. muscle tension 3. load 4. varying force |
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force exerted by contracting muscle on an object |
muscle tension |
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opposing force exerted on the muscle by the weight of object being moved |
load |
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see thousands of fibers per neuron |
large hip muscles |
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one neuron, 4 muscle fibers (more control) |
eyes/fingers |
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graphic record of contractile activity of muscle |
myogram |
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line recording activity |
tracing |
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response of a motor unit to a single AP |
muscle twitch |
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1st few milliseconds following stimuli; ex. cont. coupling occurring; nothing happening on graph |
latent phase |
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10-100 msec; cross bridges active; seeing mvmt as tension |
period of contraction |
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last 10-100 msec; re-entry of Ca2+ ions into SR |
period of relaxation |
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stronger response 2nd time around bc muscle not completely relaxed |
temporal or wave summation |
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"footsteps" |
treppe |
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what are the factors impacting the tension developed by each contracting muscle? |
1. freq. of stim. 2. length of fiber 3. thickness of fiber 4. extent of fatigue |
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rapid fatigue; caused by ionic imbalance in excitation cont. coupling; rapid recovery |
short-intense activity |
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slow developing fatigue; takes a lot longer to recover from bc damage to the SR, which interferes with Ca2+ ion regulation |
prolonged low intensity activity |
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slow and fatigue resistant; aerobic; many mitochondria; red in color; endurance activities |
slow oxidative |
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fast; moderately fatigue resistant; mainly aerobic; a lot of ATP; red/pink in color; sprinting or walking |
fast oxidative |
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fast; highly fatiguable; anaerobic; white in color; little myoglobin and vascularity; short, powerful bursts of mvmt |
fast glycolytic |
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activate alternating groups of motor units in response to stretch |
spinal reflexes |
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not active mvmt, but muscle remains primed and ready for action; stabilized joints and maintaining posture |
muscle tone |
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tension < load |
isometric contraction |
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tension > load |
isotonic contration |
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one big mass of interconnected cells |
unitary muscle (gut) |
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ind. muscle cells; each req. own innervation |
multiunit (pupil) |
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very fast freq; see partial relaxation between subsequent contractions |
incomplete/unfused tetanus |
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no relaxation; cont. plateau; cont. stimultion |
complete/fused tetanus |
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based on ATPase and how quickly you can move Ca in |
speed of contraction |
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ATP forming pathway |
oxidative (o2) or glycolytic (no 02) |
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size and color; presence of myoglobin |
physical characteristics |
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unique molécule and high energy and stored in muscles |
creatine phosphate (CP) |
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direct phosphorylations of ADP equation |
ADP + CP ----> ATP + C |
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what must be present during direct phosphorylation of ADP |
creatine kinase |
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all breakdowns during direct phosphorylation of ADP make energy long enough for how long? |
14-16 sec |
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how many seconds does the anaerobic pathway add after direct phosphorylation? |
30-40 sec |
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where does aerobic respiration occur? |
mitochondria |
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what is the aerobic respiration equation? |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6H20 + 6CO2 + 38 ish ATP + heat |
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is the aerobic pathway fast or slow? |
slow bc so many reactions (40 or 50) |
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when there's no ATP; constant state of contraction; cross bridges cannot detach, so they are stuck |
contractures |
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examples of contractures |
Rigor mortis and writers cramp |
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what causes fatigue during moderate exercise |
ionic imbalance at neuromuscular junction or excitation contraction coupling |
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explain ionic imbalances |
K+ out during AP; Na+ K+ pump is the way we get K+ back in; sometimes not fast enough so…a lot of K+ outside cell in T tubules, which messes up mem. pot. and Ca2+ won't move as easily from SR |
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what does the number of neurons per muscle depend on? |
the amount of control |
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is the period of relaxation longer or snorters than the period of contraction? |
longer |
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can you max out the number of fibers? |
yes |
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bacterial infection of tetanus causes _______ |
involuntary contractions |
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when is optimal sarcomere operating length? |
80%-120% of resting length |
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what happens during fatigue? |
contraction decreases and tension drops to zero |
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unique protein in muscle that can store oxygen |
myoglobin |
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why is there always some level of contraction even when muscle is relaxed? (muscle tone) |
spinal reflexes |
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cross bridges do generate force, but bc they can't do anything, filaments cannot move..what is this called |
"spinning wheels" |
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what are the dyads of cardiac muscle made up of? |
T tubules and terminal cisternae |
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where are Ca2+ ions stored in cardiac muscle? |
T tubules (inter cellularly) |
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where are Ca2+ ions stored in skeletal muscle? |
terminal cisternae (SR) |
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what type of metabolism does cardiac muscle use? |
aerobic |
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what does smooth muscle have instead of troponin? |
calmodulin |
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what does smooth muscle have instead of t tubules? |
calveoli |
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it takes _____ times longer to contract smooth muscle |
30 |
