Anatomy Lecture 8/21

Front 1

What is the antecubital fossa?

Back 1

The dip on the medial side of the elbow region

Front 2

What is the antebrachial?

Back 2

The forearm

Front 3

What separates muscles and limbs into discrete compartments?

Back 3

Intermuscular septa that arise from deep fascia

Front 4

What do muscles within the same compartment share?

Back 4

Function, innervation, and blood supply.
Muscles of the anterior arm are common flexors whereas posterior muscles are extensors.

Front 5

Name the nerves (overall excluding exception) that supply the different parts of the upper limb:
Anterior Arm
Posterior Arm
Anterior Forearm
Posterior Forearm
Intrinsic Hand

Back 5

Musculocutaneous
Radial
Median
Radial
Ulnar

Front 6

What is the name for the shoulder joint?

Back 6

Glenohumeral joint

Front 7

What are the neurovascular vessels that are compromised with a dislocated glenohumeral joint

Back 7

The axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery that run around the surgical neck of the humerus.

Front 8

What is the major long bone of the arm (brachium)?

Back 8

Humerus

Front 9

What are the major long bones of the forearm?

Back 9

Medial Ulna and Lateral Radius

Front 10

What are the main bones of the hand?

Back 10

8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges

Front 11

What type of nerves compose the brachial plexus?

Back 11

Ventral Primary Rami/Spinal nerves/Mixed Nerves

Front 12

What is the difference between dermatomes and myotomes?

Back 12

Dermatomes are areas of skin supplied by the cutaneous (sensory) branches from a single spinal nerve. Myotomes are muscle sections supplied by a single spinal nerve. The somites from embryonic development drag their nerve supply with them out to either the motor or sensory areas they innervate

Front 13

What nerves supplies the skin of the anterolateral aspect of the forearm?

Back 13

Musculocutaneous nerve

Front 14

What nerve supplies the palmar surface of the lateral 3.5 digits?

Back 14

Median nerve

Front 15

What nerve supplies the palmar surface of the medial 1.5 digits?

Back 15

Ulnar nerve

Front 16

What nerve supplies the skin of the posterior and inferolateral arm, posterior of the forearm, and dorsum of the hand?

Back 16

Radial nerve

Front 17

What is a dermatome sensory area to test if the axillary nerve is damaged?

Back 17

A patch on the lateral upper arm

Front 18

What is a dermatome sensory area to test if the median nerve is damaged?

Back 18

The lateral finger-distal phalanx (pointer finger)

Front 19

What is a dermatome sensory area to test if the ulnar nerve is damaged?

Back 19

Medial surface of the proximal finger-distal phalanx (pinky finger)

Front 20

What is a dermatome sensory area to test if the radial nerve is damaged?

Back 20

The first dorsal web space of the hand (between thumb and pointer finger)

Front 21

Which artery supplies structures in the neck, part of the thoracic wall and entire upper limb?

Back 21

The subclavian artery

Front 22

Which artery begins at the lateral boarder of the first rib?

Back 22

The axillary

Front 23

Which artery begins at the lateral, lower boarder of the teres major?

Back 23

Brachial

Front 24

What two vessels are branches of the brachial artery and what compartment do they supply?

Back 24

The radial and ulnar artery are branches of the brachial artery starting at the cubital fossa supplying blood to the forearm.

Front 25

What is the meaning of venae comitantes?

Back 25

The deep veins which "accompany" larger arteries. These include the subclavian vein and axillary vein.

Front 26

What are the superficial veins?

Back 26

They do not run with arteries and are subcutaneous and drain into the deep venous system. These include the cephalic vein, basilic vein, and median cubital vein (blood draw vein)

Front 27

What is the breast simplistically?

Back 27

It is a derivative of the epidermis and a modified sweat gland.

Front 28

What forms the areola and nipple?

Back 28

The areola is a dark pigmentation of skin and the nipple is a result of circular and longitudinal muscle

Front 29

What factors influence the size and shape of breasts?

Back 29

Race, Genetics, and Diet

Front 30

What area of skin is covered by the breast typically?

Back 30

The lateral boarder of the sternum to the mid-axillary line from ribs 2-6.

Front 31

Where is breast tissue located?

Back 31

In the superficial fascia.

Front 32

Which quadrant of the breast contains the axillary tail?

Back 32

The superolateral quadrant or the upper quadrant contains the tail of Spence.

Front 33

When does breast development start in utero?

Back 33

In the fourth week of development.

Front 34

What is the technical term for supernumerary breasts and nipples

Back 34

Polymastia and polythelia respectively

Front 35

What artery supplies the medial side of the breast?

Back 35

The internal thoracic artery (a branch of the subclavian artery also known as the internal mammillary artery) This has perforating branches then medial mammary branches to supply the entire medial side

Front 36

What artery supplies the lateral side of the breast?

Back 36

The lateral thoracic artery (a branch of the axillary artery) with perforating and mammary branches.

Front 37

What is the main venous drainage of the breast?

Back 37

The axillary and internal thoracic veins.

Front 38

Which nerves supply the breast?

Back 38

Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4-6th intercostal nerves.

Front 39

What do nerve branches convey to the breast?

Back 39

Sensory fibers to the skin
Sympathetic fibers to the blood vessels in the breast
Fibers to smooth muscle in the overlying skin and nipples

Front 40

What muscles are just deep to the breast?

Back 40

Subclavious
Pectoralis Minor
Pectoralis Major (superficial to minor)

Front 41

What separates the breast from the underlying muscle?

Back 41

The retromammary space

Front 42

What two types of tissue compose the breast?

Back 42

Glandular Tissue (Parenchyma)
-Lactiferous glands: mammary lobes (15-20) with lobules that give rise to lactiferous ducts which emerge to form lactiferous sinuses which exit the nipple
Connective tissue (stroma)
-Connective tissue ligaments
-Fat

Front 43

What are Coopers ligaments?

Back 43

Suspensory ligaments that hold up the breast and provide support. Part of the connective tissue.

Front 44

What is the leading cause of cancerous death in women worldwide?

Back 44

Breast cancer

Front 45

What percentage of breast cancer occurs in postmenopausal women?

Back 45

2/3

Front 46

What percent of cancers develop in the upper outer quadrant?

Back 46

60%

Front 47

What are common signs of breast cancer?

Back 47

Lump, skin dimpling, peau d'orange, and nipple retraction

Front 48

How can breast cancer metastasize ot the vertebrae, brain, and cranium?

Back 48

Through venous communication with the azygos system and the vertebral venous plexus

Front 49

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 49

-Drains excess ECF from the body and returns it to the circulatory system
-Mounts immune responses in the body
-Transports fat and large protein molecules that are too big for venous transport

Front 50

What are normal and abnormal symptoms of the lymph node?

Back 50

A normal lymph node is : small, mobile, and pain-free/non-tender
Infected are swollen and soft (tender) cancerous nodes can be swollen and hard (non-tender)

Front 51

What is lymphedema?

Back 51

Accumulation of interstitial fluid such as when cancerous lymph nodes are removed

Front 52

What is drained by the right lymphatic duct?

Back 52

The right side of the head, neck and upper limb

Front 53

What is drained by the thoracic duct?

Back 53

Everything else not drained by the right lymphatic duct. This drains at the intersection between the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.

Front 54

What is the cisterna chyli?

Back 54

Thin-walled sac at the inferior end of the thoracic duct dilated because this is a convergent point of the right and left lumbar lymphatic trunks, intestinal lymph trunks and descending thoracic lymph trunks.

Front 55

What is the convergence point of lower lymph vessels and where they enter the thoracic duct?

Back 55

The Cisterna Chyli

Front 56

What are the two groups of lymph nodes for draining the breast?

Back 56

Axillary (75%) and Parasternal (25%) lymph node groups

Front 57

What are the sections of the axillary lymph node group?

Back 57

Pectoral (anterior) nodes
Subscapular (posterior) nodes
Brachial (lateral) nodes
Central nodes
Apical nodes

Front 58

Which vein are the parasternal lymph node group likely to drain into?

Back 58

The internal thoracic vein

Front 59

What are the proximal attachments of the pectoralis major?

Back 59

Clavicular part
Sternocostal part
Abdominal part

Front 60

What are the primary actions of the pectoralis major?

Back 60

Adduction of the arm
Medially rotate the arm

Front 61

What is the main function of the sternocostal head of the pec major?

Back 61

Extend the arm that is already flexed

Front 62

What is the main function of the clavicular head of the pec major

Back 62

Arm flexion (zombie walk)

Front 63

What are the proximal and distal attachments of the pectoralis minor?

Back 63

Ribs 3-5 and the coracoid process of the scapula respectively

Front 64

What are the main functions of the pectoralis minor?

Back 64

-Stabilizes the scapula
-Depresses the shoulder

Front 65

What are the innervations of the pectoralis major and minor?

Back 65

Pectoralis major: Lateral and Medial pectoral nerve
Pectoralis minor: The medial pectoral nerve

Front 66

The names for the medial and lateral pectoral nerves come from where?

Back 66

The brachial plexus cords from which they arise.