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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 8 levels of structural organization in living systems?
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1. atoms and molecules
2. macromolecules 3. cellular organelles 4. cells 5. tissues 6. organs 7. organ systems 8. organism |
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What are the 11 major organ systems?
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1. skeletal
2. muscular 3. integumentary (skin) 4. nervous 5. circulatory 6. immune 7. digestive 8. respiratory 9. urinary 10. reproductive 11. endocrine |
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What is gross anatomy?
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Gross anatomy is the anatomical study of organs, organ systems, and the whole human, as visible to the naked eye.
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What is histology?
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Histology is the anatomical study of cellular organelles, cells, tissues, and of the microscopic parts of organs.
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What are the five major elements in living organisms?
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1. carbon
2. hydrogen 3. oxygen 4. nitrogen 5. phosphorus CHONP |
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What are the basic macromolecules of the body?
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1. sugars (carbohydrates)
2. fats (lipids) 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) |
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Approximately how many different cell types are there in the body?
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~200
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Approximately how many cells are in the human body?
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~100 trillion
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What is a tissue?
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A tissue is a collection of cells that are functionally and structurally related.
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What are the four basic types of tissue?
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1. epithelium
2. connective tissue 3. muscle tissue 4. nervous tissue |
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What is an organ?
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An organ consists of two or more different tissues. (Some organs are the stomach, lungs, brain, etc.)
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What is an organ system?
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Organ systems are groups of organs that work together, performing related functions.
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What is a tissue?
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A tissue is a collection of cells that are functionally and structurally related.
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What makes up most of the structure in cells?
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Lipids and proteins make up most of the structures in cells, with smaller contributions from sugars and nucleic acids.
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What purpose do sugars and fats serve in the body?
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Sugars and fats serve as food sources for the body's tissues.
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What purpose do proteins serve in the body?
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Proteins comprise enzymes, which direct many of the body's chemical reactions.
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What size range do human cells encompass?
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5-100 micrometers
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What is the anatomical position?
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In the anatomical position, the person is standing straight, with eyes, toes, and palms forward, and with legs together.
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What do the terms superior and inferior mean?
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Toward the head and toward the feet, respectively.
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What is the synonym for superior?
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cranial
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What is the synonym for inferior?
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caudal
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What does anterior mean?
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Anterior means towards the front.
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What does posterior mean?
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Posterior means towards the back.
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What is synonymous with anterior?
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ventral
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What is synonymous with posterior?
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dorsal
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What does medial mean?
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Medial means towards the vertical midline of the body.
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What does lateral mean?
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Lateral means farther away from the midline.
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What does proximal mean?
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A structure is proximal to another if it is closer to the base of the limb.
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What does distal mean?
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A structure is distal if it is closer to the end of the limb.
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What does superficial mean?
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Superficial means closer to the external surface of the body (or of an organ).
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What does deep mean?
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Deep means farther in towards the core.
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What is a transverse plane?
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A transverse plane is any horizontal plane, cutting the body in cross-section.
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What is a frontal or coronal plane?
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A frontal or coronal plane is any vertical plane that extends from right to left (frontal planes divide the body into anterior and posterior parts).
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What is a sagittal plane?
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A sagittal plane is any vertical plane that runs anterior to posterior. If a sagittal cut is made in the midline of the body (mid-sagittal/median) it divides the body into right and left halves.
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What is the smallest living unit of the body?
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The cell is the smallest living unit of the body.
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What are the basic parts of a cell?
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The nucleus, cytoplasm, and a thin membrane at the outer boundary of the cell.
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Where are the organelles in the cell and what do they contribute to?
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The organelles are in the cytoplasm and contribute to the internal structure of the cell.
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What three technical problems must be overcome before cells can be studied with a microscope?
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1. Preservation (fixation)
2. Imbedding and Sectioning 3. Staining (for light microscopy) |
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What are the best preservatives?
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The best preservatives include:
1. glutaraldehyde 2. paraformaldehyde 3. osmium tetroxide |
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What happens when an object is sectioned?
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When an object is sectioned, a 2-dimensional item is created.
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What are the two main classes of dyes are used to stain tissues for light microscopy?
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1. polycationic (basic) dyes
2. polyanionic (acidic) dyes |
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Describe polycationic dyes...
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The dye molecules of polycationic dyes have many positive charges and are attracted to biological molecules that have a negative charge, such as nucleic acids, which these dyes stain.
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Describe polyanionic dyes...
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The dye molecules of polyanionic dyes have many negative charges and are attracted to organic molecules that have a positive charge, such as the proteins in the tissue sections, which these dyes stain.
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Acidophilic molecules in cells attract...
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Acidophilic molecules in cells attract acidic dyes and have net positive charges.
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Basophilic molecules in cells attract...
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Basophilic molecules attract basic dyes and have net negative charges.
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What is a common basic dye?
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Hematoxylin is a common basic dye.
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What is a common acidic dye?
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Eosin is a common acidic dye.
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Hematoxylin is (color) and eosin is (color).
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Hematoxylin is PURPLE and eosin is PINK.
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The unions of dye molecules and cellular molecules are what type of linkages?
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The unions of dye molecules and cellular molecules are SIMPLE SALT LINKAGES, negative attracting positive.
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What are examples of basophilic molecules?
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1. DNA
2. RNA 3. Protein in mucus |
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What are examples of acidophilic molecules?
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1. Most proteins
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The cell nucleus, containing DNA and RNA, is commonly stained (color) while the cytoplasm of cells, containing proteins, is commonly stained (color).
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The cell nucleus, containing DNA and RNA, is commonly stained PURPLE while the cytoplasm of cells, containing proteins, is commonly stained PINK.
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