Anatomy Lecture 1

Front 1

Anatomy (Regional)

Back 1

The scientific study of the structures of the body and the relationship of these structures to one another.

Front 2

Radiopaque

Back 2

White image on x-ray, dense tissue or bone that absorbs more rays

Front 3

Radiolucent

Back 3

Black image on x-ray, a tissue or organ of lower density, allows more rays to pass through it

Front 4

MRI

Back 4

Magnetic Resonance Imaging. SNo radiation, preferable to x-ray. Better to distinguish soft tissue (i.e. ligaments and muscles)

Front 5

Sagittal Plane

Back 5

Divide body into left and right parts

Front 6

Median Plane

Back 6

Divides body into EQUAL left and right parts. Only one of these planes in the body, but also could be "median plane of hand/foot"

Front 7

Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)

Back 7

Divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) parts. No median plane.

Front 8

Transverse Plane (Axial Plane)

Back 8

Divides the body into superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal) parts, cross sections.

Front 9

Rotation

Back 9

Movement in the Transverse Plane

Front 10

Longitudinal Section

Back 10

Can be cut in the median, sagittal or coronal planes.

Front 11

Laterality: Unilateral, Bilateral, Ipsilateral, and Contralateral

Back 11

Front 12

Flexion and Extension

Back 12

Always done in the SAGITTAL PLANE.

Flexion=Anterior, Extension=Posterior (except knee)

Front 13

Abduction and Adduction

Back 13

Always done in the CORONAL PLANE.

Front 14

Pronation and Supination

Back 14

Only in the forearm

Front 15

Circumduction

Back 15

Combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction.

Front 16

Special movements of the Thumb

Back 16

Thumb is rotated 90 degrees so movements are a bit different.

Front 17

Abduction and Adduction of the DIGITS

Back 17

All in relation to middle finger

Front 18

Other weird movements

Back 18

Front 19

Axial Skeleton vs. Appendicular Skeleton. Cartilage

Back 19

Axial=yellow (protects vital things)

Appendicular- purple, includes scapula and clavicle.

Costal cartilage-ribs

Articular cart- joints

Front 20

Functions of Bones

Back 20

-Protection of vital organs

-Structural support of body

-Acts as levers for muscles to produce movement

-Reservoir for calcium and phosphorous

-Contains marrow where blood cells form

Front 21

Types of Bones (3)

Back 21

1. Spongy bone (trabecular, cancellous)

2. Compact bone (cortical, dense)

3. Medullary (marrow) cavity

Red marrow- active in blood formation (kids)

Yellow marrow- inert and fatty

Front 22

Long Bone

Back 22

Humerus, phalanges, clavicle etc

Front 23

Short Bone

Back 23

tarsals, carpals

Front 24

Flat Bones

Back 24

Some cranial vault bones, ribs, sternum

Front 25

Irregular Bone

Back 25

Vertebrea, sphenoid

Front 26

Sesamoid Bone

Back 26

Patella (develop within tendons)

Front 27

Pneumatic bones

Back 27

Mastoid part of temporal bone, paranasal sinus, filled with air. Mostly in the skull to lighten the weight.

Front 28

Accessory (supernumerary) Bones

Back 28

In Foot

Front 29

Elevations (bones markings)

Back 29

Crest Trochanter

Line Tubercle

Protuberance Tuberosity

Epicondyle

Malleolus

Spine

Process

Front 30

Depressions (bone markings)

Back 30

Fossa

Grooce

Notch

Front 31

Articulations

Back 31

Condyle

Facet

Where two bones meet, very smooth from rubbing by articulate cartilage.

Front 32

Holes

Back 32

Foramen (pl/ foramina)

Front 33

Ossification

Back 33

Process of bone formation

Front 34

Osteoblast

Back 34

Bone forming cells

Front 35

Osteocytes

Back 35

bones cells

Front 36

Osteoclasts

Back 36

bone resorption cells

Front 37

Chondrocytes

Back 37

cartilage cells

Front 38

Chondroblasts

Back 38

cartilage forming cells

Front 39

Intramembranous Ossification (Direct Ossification)

Back 39

Mesenchyme (embryological tissue)--->Bone

Rapid Process

Flat bones of the skull only

Front 40

Endochondral Ossification (indirect ossification)

Back 40

Mesenchyme (embryological tissue)---> Cartilage---->Bone

Slower Process

Most bones

Front 41

Endochondral Ossification Ctn.

Back 41

Front 42

Bone Growth (general understanding)

Back 42

The DIAPHYSIS grows at the region of the growth plate and METAPHYSIS by proliferation of cartilage. Eventually bone replaces cartilage at growth plate; growth ceases and diaphysis fuses with epiphysis- SYNOSTOSIS.

Front 43

Timeline of endochondral ossificaiton

Back 43

Also, generally, females fuse before males.

Short bones develop the same except no secondary center (except in foot)

Front 44

Q: Why endochondral ossification? Why not have cells at the ends of the bones to produce growth?

Back 44

Moving joint would damage growing tissue, and the bone must be capable of supporting loads.

Front 45

Vascular and Innervation of Bone

Back 45

Front 46

Upper Limb

Back 46

-freely mobile organ or manual activity

-Not weight bearing; stability lost for mobility

-Divided-shoulder, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist and hand.

Front 47

Scapula (anterior)

Back 47

Front 48

Scapula (posterior)

Back 48

Front 49

Scapula w/origins and insertions

Back 49

Origins- red

Insertions-blue

Front 50

Clavicle (fractures)

Back 50

Commonly fractured: indirectly- force transmitted thru upper limb or directly-falling onto shoulder. When fractured, sternocleidomastoid muscle pulls medial part superiorly and lateral part (and shoulder) droops

Front 51

Clavicle Picture

Back 51

Front 52

Humerus (anterior)

Back 52

Front 53

Humerus (posterior)

Back 53

Front 54

Ulna (medial) and Radius (lateral) Proximal End

Back 54

Ulna is more stationary

Front 55

Ulna and Radius Distal End

Back 55

Pronated

Front 56

Wrist and Hand

Back 56

Phalanges: Proximal, Middle, Distal

Metacarpals: 1=thumb, pollex, 5=pinky (digiti minimi)

Carpals: 8 (next card)

Front 57

Carpal Bones

Back 57

So Long To Pinky, Here Comes the Thumb, makes a C. Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, and Trapezium.