Anatomy In Brigham City- Integumentary System

Front 1

integument

Back 1

skin that covers the body

Front 2

skin

Back 2

cutaneous layer
water resistant not water proof

Front 3

integumentary system

Back 3

skin and its derivatives
-nails
-hair
-skin glands

Front 4

dermatology

Back 4

scientific study and treatment of the integumentary system

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Albinism

Back 5

lack of melanin pigment in the eyes, skin, and hair that is found in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.

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Vitiligo

Back 6

lack of Melaninocytes

Front 7

Cyanosis and acrocyanosis

Back 7

a blue coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to the deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the surface of the skin. (Occurs when the oxygen saturation of arterial blood falls below 85-90%.)

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Pallor

Back 8

lack of hemoglobin, RBC or both

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Jaundice

Back 9

a yellow discoloration of the skin due to the build up of bilirubin in the blood.

Front 10

CUT-

Back 10

skin

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DERMA-

Back 11

skin

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EPI-

Back 12

upon

Front 13

LIPO-

Back 13

fat

Front 14

MELAN-

Back 14

black

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ONYCH-

Back 15

nail

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PACHY-

Back 16

thick

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SCLERO-

Back 17

hand / tough

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SUDOR-

Back 18

sweat

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-ITIS

Back 19

inflammation

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-OMA

Back 20

tumour

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-OSIS

Back 21

condition / disease

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subcutaneous layer

Back 22

layer below the skin

Front 23

dermatology

Back 23

study of the skin and its diseases

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epidermis

Back 24

layer above the dermis

Front 25

lipoatrophy

Back 25

atrophy of fat below the skin

Front 26

melanin

Back 26

pigment produced and stored in melanocytes
biggest component in determining skin color
-skin color mostly determined by the levels of this in the skin
-transferred in membrane bound vesicles from melanocytes to keratinocytes in the stratum basale

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onychectomy

Back 27

excision of a nail

Front 28

pachyderma

Back 28

abnormal thickening of skin

Front 29

scleroderma

Back 29

chronic hardening of the skin

Front 30

sudorific

Back 30

an agent that promotes sweat

Front 31

dermatitis

Back 31

inflammation of the skin

Front 32

melanoma

Back 32

black coloured skin tumour

Front 33

dermatophytosis

Back 33

a fungal infection of the skin

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hypodermis

Back 34

deep to the dermis
contains adipose tissue
subcutaneous layer
(disclaimer: not part of the integumentary system!)

Front 35

epidermal dendritic cells

Back 35

skin's small population of immune cells

Front 36

vasodilation

Back 36

dilation of blood vessels
increase in the diameter of blood vessels when a person is hot to increase the heat loss from the skin an dlower the temperature of the body
skin becomes flushed and reddish

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vasoconstriction

Back 37

constriction of blood vessels
narrowing of the blood vessels when a person is cold to help conserve hot blood in the core of the body and reduce the loss of heat
-skin becomes pale

Front 38

stratum basale

Back 38

-tightly attached to underlying dermis
-continually dividing
-cells move up to epidermis and die
-becomes epidermis

Front 39

keratinocytes

Back 39

-one epidermal cell type of the stratum basale
-most abundant cell type
-synthesise keratin

Front 40

melanocytes

Back 40

second epidermal cell type in the stratum basale
long branching processes of the stratum basale
made of melanin that shields the sun
determines skin tone

Front 41

tactile cells

Back 41

third epidermal cell type in the the stratum basale
few in number and sensitive to touch
determine sensitivity

Front 42

Stratum Spinosum

Back 42

cell layer superficial to the strasum basale
made of keratinocytes that are mostly non-dividing and have moved up from the stratum basale
-keratinocytes connect to one another and when the cytoplasm shrinks and the cytoskeletal elements don't it forms spine like projections/connections between the cells

Front 43

epidermal dendritic cells

Back 43

fourth epidermal cell type
-contained in the stratum spinosum
-help stimulate the immune system

Front 44

stratum germinativum

Back 44

the stratum spinosum and stratum basale collectivly

Front 45

stratum granulosum

Back 45

-cell layer superficial to stratum basale and spinosum
-in this layer keratinization occurs where the keratinocytes fill up with keratin protien
-cells become thinner and flatter and harden as they start to die
-leftover cells are interlocking fibers made of keratin and phospholibids and are very strong

Front 46

stratum licidum

Back 46

-cell layer superficial to basale, spinosum, and granulosum
-thin and clear translucent skin layer found only in the thickest skin regions of your body such as the soles of your feet, hands, and lips
contain protein eleiden and is flat dead cells

Front 47

stratum corneum

Back 47

outermost cell layer of the skin
20-30 layers of flattened, dead scale-like cells which are continually shed
-real protective layer of the skin
-what you see when you look at the skin
-remains dry enough that is is not a good place for microorganisms to grow and also has small secretions onto the surface of the epidermis that prevent the growth of microorganisms
-cornification is caused by keratinization and is the hardening, flattening process that takes place as the cells migrate to the surface

Front 48

callus

Back 48

-formed when additional mitotic activity is stimulated in the stratum basale because of increased friction in an certain area causing of thickened skin to form.

Front 49

tattoing

Back 49

in order for a tatoo to remain the dye must be injected into the dermis

Front 50

thick skin

Back 50

-contains all five stratum layers
-contains sweat glands but no hair follicles or subaceous glands
-soles of the feet, palms, and lips

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thin skin

Back 51

-lacks stratum lucidum
-contains, hari follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

Front 52

skin color

Back 52

-mostly determined by the levels of melanin in the skin
-melanin is transferred in membrane bound vesicles from melanocytes to keratinocytes in the stratum basale
-overtime melanin containing cells are displaced to the stratum corneum
-believed to help protect the DNA of epidermal cells from damage by harmful UV light

Front 53

Hemoglobin

Back 53

-inside red blood cells
-contributes to skin color and most easily seen in light skinned individuals

Front 54

carotene

Back 54

weakest component in determining skin color
aquired by eating various yellow-orange vegetables such as carrots corn and squash
accumulates in the keratinocytes of the stratum corneum and within the subcutaneous fat
it is converted in the body into vitamin A which has numerous heath benefits including improved vision

Front 55

nevus

Back 55

darker skin marking
-commonly called a mole
-rarely but can be malignant- chances increase with increased sun exposure
-

Front 56

Freckles

Back 56

areas of localized excessive melanocyte activity
depends on sun exposure and heredity

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hemangioma

Back 57

congenial anomaly that results in skin discoloration due to blood vessels that proliferate and forma benign tumor
-some go away at childhood (capillary)
some last a lifetime (cavernous)

Front 58

friction ridges

Back 58

-found on fingers, palms, toes, toes, and soles
-formed by the valley's and folds or epidermal and dermal tissue
-commonly known as fingerprints

Front 59

Dermis

Back 59

-deepest portion of the skin
-blood vessels within it nourish the living portion of the epidermis and the numerous supporting components of the skin
-highly vascular, houses many epitheleal glands, has extensive innervation, and has elastic fibers that make the skin elastic

Front 60

stratum papillarosum(papillary layer)

Back 60

-most superficial layer of the dermis
-touches(interlocks) the epidermis increasing connected surface area
-dermal papillae of the dermis interlock with the epidermal ridges or the epidermis
-contains the the capillaries that supply nutrients to the cells of the epidermis
-houses sensory receptors

Front 61

Stratum Reticularosum(Reticular layer)

Back 61

-deepest and major layer of the dermis
-extends from the overlying papillary layer to the deeper subcutaneous layer
-reticular means network referring to the collagen and elastic fibers that contribute to the skins strength and elasticity
-contains numerous blood vessels and nerve endings

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stretch marks

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also called "striae"
tears in collagen fibers that occur from rapid stretching due to pregnancy, growth spurts, excessive weight gain or loss, anabolic steroid use

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wrinkles

Back 63

loss of flexibilty and thickness of the dermis that results in sagging of the skin due to excessive exposure to damaging UV light and aging

Front 64

lines of cleavage (tension lines)

Back 64

linear orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in different regions of the body
-in surgery consideration is taken to go with these lines
*cuts done parallel to these are easier to suture together, avoid scarring, and heal faster

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the dermis has extensive innervation with nerve fibers that allows us to be aware of our surroundings

Back 65

blood vessels within the dermis supply nutrients to the mitotically active stratum basale of the epidermis and to the two layers of the dermis

Front 66

caused by extreme local pressure that restricts vital blood flow

Back 66

decubitus ulcers "bed sores"

Front 67

subcutaneous layer
hypodermis

Back 67

not considered to be part of the integument, however it is in close association with the skin
contains loose fibrous connective tissue and fat cells interlaced with blood vessel
binds the dermis to the underlying organs
-target of subcutaneous therapeudic drug injections because of its good blood supply
-where the majority of fat is stored
-cushions, insulates, and helps regulate temperature

Front 68

nails

Back 68

-on the distal dorsum of the fingers and toes
-protect the digits and assist in grasping small objects
form from hardened transparent stratum corneum
densly packed cells that are filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin
toenails grow slower because the blood supply to the toes is less than to the fingers

Front 69

pili

Back 69

hair
absent from the sides and soles of the feet, the lips, the sides of the fingers and toes and portions of the external genitalia
composed of keratinized cells growing from a hair follicle that can extend into the dermis and often projecting into the subcutaneous layer
produced by the epidermal layer

Front 70

hair bulb

Back 70

consists of epitheleal cells and is swelling at the base where the hair originates
-tiny cluster of dermal nerves and blood vessels at the base of the bulb that help the stratum basale cells

Front 71

root

Back 71

remainder of the hair within the hair follicle
as the cells keritanize they move up and die

Front 72

shaft

Back 72

portion of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface
composed of dead keratinized cells

Front 73

hair follicle

Back 73

oblique tube that surrounds the hair
inner sheath of epithelial cells
not always active
hair loss can occure because of dietary deficiencies, high fever, readiation, drugs,aging, genetics, or hormone level changes

Front 74

arrector pilli muscles cause

Back 74

goosebumps

Front 75

functions of hair

Back 75

protection
-cushion the head and protect the scalp
nose and ear hair protects from insects
eybrows and lashes protect eyes
-heat retention- on the head or face for those with hair
-facial expression
-sensory reception
-visual identification
-chemical signal dispersal

Front 76

hair color

Back 76

determined by the type and amount of pigment produced in the stratum basale
-the more melanin the darker the hair
-iron based pigments produce red hair
-reduction of melanin production causes gray
-lack of pigment produces white

Front 77

exocrine glands

Back 77

originate in the epidermal layer and are located in the dermis
secrete substances through ducts
secrete persperation to help regulate body temperature and aid in signaling and communication
elimination of excess water, salts and urea
produce inhibitory chemicals that can prevent the growth of dangerous microorganisms
mammary glands (modified sweat glands) secrete milk during lactation
ceruminous glands found in the external ear canal are modified sweat gland and they secrete cerumen "earwax" which protects and lubricates the ear canal and eardrum

Front 78

sebaceous glands

Back 78

oil glands that secrete "sebum" to keep hair and skin supple
relatively inactive during childhood but activate during puberty when sex hormone production increases

Front 79

regeneration

Back 79

replacement of damaged or dead cells with the same cell type

Front 80

fibrosis

Back 80

filling of the injured area with scar tissue

Front 81

what occurs in a wound?

Back 81

blood vessels are broken and bleeding occurs
a clot forms and blocks escape of blood
scab forms to cover the damaged area
-fibroblasts from surrounding margins of the wound differentiate and become active and form fleshy projections into the wound area called granulation tissue

Front 82

scar tissue differs from normal skin in that...

Back 82

no hair grow
no epidermal layer
more dense connective fibers
the closer the edges of of a wound the less granulation tissue develops and the liklihood of a scar diminishes

Front 83

basal cell carcinoma

Back 83

-most common type of skin cancer
-least dangerous type because it seldon metastisizes
-originates in the stratum basale
-first appears as small shiny elevation
elevation enlarges and develops central depression with pearly edge
usually occurs on face
treated by surgical removal, radiation therapy

Front 84

malignant melanoma

Back 84

most deadly skin cancer
arises from melanocytes in pre-existing mole
metastisizes rapidly
increased risk for those who hav ehad sever sunburns
treated by surgical removal
characterized by change in appearance

Front 85

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 85

arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
lesions are on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand
lesions are raised reddened, and scaly
treated by early detection and surgical removal
may metastisize to lymph nodes

Front 86

aging

Back 86

healing is slower and skin gets thinner
collagen fibers decrease and elastic fibers lose elasticity
skin glands diminish activity causeing drier skin and reducing the ability of the skin to cool itself
melanocytes diminish leading to gray or white hairhair follicles cause hair to fall out
vitamin D production is diminshed which leads to reduced absorption of calcium and phosohorus which affects bone formation

Front 87

acne is the term used to describe plugged ____ ducts that may become abundant beginning at ______

Back 87

sebaceous, puberty

Front 88

a type of sebaceous gland plugged with sebum. a open one of these is called a blackhead. a closed one is called a whitehead.

Back 88

comedo

Front 89

a dome shaped lesion filled with a mixture of white blood cells, dead skin cells and bacteria

Back 89

Papule pustule

Front 90

This type of acne is similar to a postule, but extends into the deeper skin layers. These can scar.

Back 90

Nodule

Front 91

which type of acne extends into the deeper skin layers and are prone to scarring?

Back 91

nodules

Front 92

Which type of acne is a fluid filled nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful and can lead to scarring?

Back 92

cysts