Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Mediastinum
|
The central area of the thorax, loacated between the two pleural cavities
|
|
|
What are the regions of the Mediastinum?
|
Superior and Inferior (Anterior, Middle, Posterior)
|
|
|
What does the Middle Mediastinum contain?
|
Pericardial sac, heart, orgins of great vessels, phrenic nerves(C3-5), pericardiacophrenic vessels
|
|
|
Pericardium
|
Fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and roots of the great vessels
|
|
|
______ tough, unyielding outer connective tissue layer.
|
Fibrous pericardium
|
|
|
_______ is the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
|
Pericardial cavity
|
|
|
What is the blood supply to the pericardium
|
Main: pericardiacophrenic arteries, Additon: musculophrenic arties, thoracic aorta
|
|
|
What are the branches of pericardiacophrenic?
|
Internal thoracica from subclavian aa.
|
|
|
Innervation of the Pericardium
|
Vagus nn. Sympathetic trunks, Phrenic nn.(pain sensation)
|
|
|
What are the refections of the pericardial sinuses
|
1) pulmonary trunk and aorta 2) pulmonary veins and superior/interfior vena cava
|
|
|
__________forms the reflection onto the pulmonary veins
|
Oblique pericardial sinus (space behind sac in heart)
|
|
|
Transverse Sinus
|
two reflections from a passage behnind the aora and pulmonary trunk , Important landmark for cardiac surgeons(can lift the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk=allows divertion of blood)
|
|
|
Heart Anteroir Picture
|
Picture
|
|
|
Heart Posterior Picture
|
Picture
|
|
|
Where is the apex of the heart?
|
anteriorly and to the left and formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle.
|
|
|
____________ is posteriorly and consists of the left atrium, a portion of the right atrium, and the proximal parts of the great veins.
|
Base of heart
|
|
|
What seprates the anterior and left pulmonary surface ?
|
obtuse margin
|
|
|
_________the sharp edge between the anterior and diaphragmatic surfaces.
|
Inferior margin
|
|
|
Heart Orientation (slide 16)
|
Picture
|
|
|
Right Atrium Parts
|
auricle
crista terminalis (sulcus terminalis) sinus venarum = smooth posterior wall of the atrium fossa ovalis (from foramen ovale) pectinate muscle opening of superior vena cava opening of inferior vena cava=valve of inferior vena cava opening of coronary sinus=valve of coronary sinus right A-V orifice |
|
|
Right Ventricle Parts
|
trabeculae carneae
tricuspid valve= anterior, posterior and septal cusps chordae tendineae papillary muscle septomarginal trabecula (moderator band) conus arteriosus pulmonary valve= nodule & lunule |
|
|
Left Atrium Parts
|
pectinate muscle
openings for pulmonary veins interatrial septum left A-V opening |
|
|
Left Ventricle Parts
|
Note thickness of ventricle wall vs. R. ventricle
trabeculae carnae L. A-V valve(bicuspid valve, mitral valve)= anterior and posterior cusps chordae tendineae anterior and posterior papillary muscle aortic vestibule aortic valve= nodule and lunule |
|
|
What is the blood flow through the heart on right side?
|
Body, Superior/Inferior Vena Cava, Right Atrium( Tricuspid valve), Right ventricle(pulmonary Valve), Pulmonary trunk aa., Lungs
|
|
|
What is the blood flow through the heart on the left side?
|
Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left atrium(bicuspid valve), Left ventricle(aortic valve), aorta, body
|
|
|
Atrioventricular Valves
|
Atria contracts AV valves open(blood forced into ventricles) Ventricles contract the Av valves are closed and blood is forced exit via aorta or pulmonary trunk. Lubb(1st)
|
|
|
________ act to prevent valveprolapse
|
Chordae tendineae
|
|
|
Pulmonary and Aortic Valves
|
Open durning ventricular contraction, the recoil of blood fills aortic and pulmonary sinuses and valves close(preventing backflow of blood into ventricles) Dupp (2nd)
|
|
|
Heart borders (Photo)
|
Upper limit:
3rd costal cartilage on R. 2nd intercostal space on L. Right margin: R. 3rd costal cartilage → almost to R. 6th costal cartilage L. Margin: 2nd intercostal space (near sternum) to 5th intercostal space near mid-clavicular line Lower margin: R. 6th costal cartilage at sternum to 5th intercostal space near mid-clavicular line |
|
|
Aortic Valve (sounds)
|
Medial end of R. 2nd intercostal space
|
|
|
Pulmonary Valve (sounds)
|
Medial end of L. 2nd intercostal space
|
|
|
Tricuspid Valve (sounds)
|
Just to the L. of the sternum near 5th intercostal space
|
|
|
Mitral Valve (sounds)
|
L. 5th intercostal space at mid-clavicular line
|
|
|
Heart sounds are best heard _______ from the flow of blood through the valve?
|
downstream
|
|
|
Calcific Aortic Stenosis
|
1) age related, 2) due to wear and tear, will occur earlier and more aggressively in someone with congenital valve malformation 3) may cause: Systolic murmur, L. ventricle hypertrophy, Angina, Syncope, Heart failure, Arrhythmia
|
|
|
Myocradium is supplied by __________?
|
Coronary arteries
|
|
|
What are the branches of left coronary arties?
|
Anterior interventricular branch (aka LAD)
Circumflex branch Left marginal branch |
|
|
What are the branches of right coronary arties?
|
SA nodal branch (~60% of the time)
Right marginal branch Posterior interventricular branch (~70-80% of the time) |
|
|
Blood from the myocardium returns ot the right atrium via __________?
|
cardiac veins
Anterior cadiac vv. Small cardiac v. Middle cardiac v. Great cardiac v. Coronary sinus |
|
|
Intermittent chest pain caused by reversible cardiac ischemia
|
Angina pectoris
|
|
|
Localized area of myocardial necrosis induced by local ischemia
|
Myocardial Infarction
|
|
|
Most common sites of coronary artery occlusion?
|
anterior interventricular branch of the LCA (40-50%)
RCA (30-40%) circumflex branch of the LCA (15-20%) |
|
|
Treatment options for when a vessel is occluded?
|
Angioplasty
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery |
|
|
What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?
|
Maintains structural integrity of the openings
Provides a point of attachment for the valve cusps Electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles |
|
|
What does the cardiac plexus consist of?
|
Superficial and deep parts
Main contributions from vagus nn. and cardiac branches from sympathetic trunk (T1-T4 cord levels) More on thoracic nervous system next week |
|
|
Label cornary arties and cardiac veins
|
Picture
|
