Anatomy Final Unit 1

Front 1

anatomy (define)

Back 1

study of structure and shape of the body, its parts, and their relationship to one another

Front 2

physiology (define)

Back 2

study of of the parts of the body function

Front 3

History: Egyptians

Back 3

first to formally study anatomy (~3000BC)

valued lungs, heart, liver, and gut (not brain)

Front 4

History: Hippocrates

Back 4

460-377 BC

Greek

father of medicine

Hippocratic oath

wrote many books about anatomy

Front 5

History: Aristotle

Back 5

382-422 BC

Greek

performed animal dissections

first to use word "anatome" — meaning cutting up or taking apart

Front 6

History: Galen

Back 6

2nd century

Greek

compared anatomical structures of animals to those of humans

was a physiologist — cared about function of organs

Front 7

History: Leonardo da Vinci

Back 7

15th Century

one of the first to draw the human skeleton and other anatomical structures

Front 8

History: Versalius

Back 8

Middle Ages and Early Renaissance

wrote "Du Jumani Corporis Fabrica—1543AD"

Front 9

History: Hieronymous Fabricius

Back 9

Middle Ages and Early Renaissance

first to have anatomical theaters of public dissections of human cadavers

Front 10

History: William Harvey

Back 10

17th Century

discovers circulation

Front 11

History: 17th Century — general

Back 11

--Human dissection becomes important in European medical schools

--anatomical museums

--Rembrandt and Michaelangelo draw anatomy after attending public dissections

Front 12

History: William Hunter

Back 12

18th/19th Centuries

modernizes embalming techniques

Front 13

History: 18th/19th Centuries — general

Back 13

texts depicting human bodies

shortage of cadavers

Front 14

History: 19th Century — general

Back 14

--British Parliament passed Anatomy Act in 1832 to provide adequate supply of corpses for medical dissections

--Gray's Anatomy (1858AD)

--People donate bodies to science in exchange for medical treatment

--Public dissections no longer occurring

Front 15

History: 20th Century — general

Back 15

--medical museums established

--better supplementary resources for diagnostics and looking at the body

--decline in donation of bodies to science

Front 16

History: 21st Century — general

Back 16

--some diseases limit the availability of cadavers (Mad Cow)

--Gunther von Hagans (Body World)

--technical advances in imaging (PET, MRI)

Front 17

gross anatomy

Back 17

study of structures visible to the naked eye

Front 18

levels of organization in body

Back 18

cell-->tissue-->organ-->organ system-->organism

cells are the smallest unit of organization (for the purposes of this class)

Front 19

tissue (definition)

Back 19

a group of cells with a common function

Front 20

4 kinds of tissue

Back 20

(1) epithelial (covering/lining/protecting)

(2) connective

(3) muscular

(4) nervous

Front 21

anatomical position

(DEMONSTRATE IT!)

Back 21

erect, feet parallel, arms at sides, palms facing FORWARD, thumbs pointing away from body

Front 22

Body plane: coronal

Back 22

cut L to R dividing body into anterior and posterior parts

Front 23

Body plane: sagittal

Back 23

cut front to back dividing the body into right and left parts

Front 24

Body plane: transverse

Back 24

cross section R to L

divides body into superior and inferior sections

Front 25

Body plane: oblique

Back 25

cross section at an angle

Front 26

Anterior/posterior

Back 26

anterior: front

posterior: back

Front 27

ventral/dorsal

Back 27

ventral: front (abdominal)

dorsal: back (like a dorsal fin)

--animals mostly

Front 28

superior/inferior

Back 28

superior: up/above

inferior: down/below

Front 29

cranial (rostral)/caudal

Back 29

cranial (rostral): towards snout

caudal: towards tail

--animals mostly

Front 30

lateral/medial

Back 30

lateral: to the side

medial: centered

Front 31

proximal/distal

Back 31

proximal: closer to center/trunk

distal: closer to toes and fingers (farther out)

--mainly just for limbs

Front 32

superficial/deep

Back 32

superficial: on surface

deep: c'mon

Front 33

acromial

Back 33

refers to point of shoulder

Front 34

antebrachial

Back 34

refers to forearm

Front 35

antecubital

Back 35

refers to anterior surface of elbow

Front 36

axillary

Back 36

refers to armpit

Front 37

brachial

Back 37

refers to arm

Front 38

buccal

Back 38

refers to cheek area

Front 39

crural

Back 39

refers to leg

Front 40

mental

Back 40

refers to chin

Front 41

calcaneal

Back 41

refers to heel of foot

Front 42

olecranal

Back 42

refers to posterior surface of elbow

Front 43

sacral

Back 43

refers to area between hips

Front 44

sural

Back 44

refers to the posterior surface of the leg; the calf

Front 45

dorsal body cavities

Back 45

--cranial cavity (contains brain)

--spinal cavity (contains spinal cord)

Front 46

thoracic body cavity

Back 46

--ventral body cavity

--contains heart, lungs

--separated from lower cavity by diaphragm

Front 47

abdominopelvic body cavity

Back 47

--ventral body cavity

--abdominal portion contains stomach, liver, small intestine

--pelvic portion contains bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs

Front 48

small, open body cavities

Back 48

mouth

anus

nasal

orbital

middle ear

Front 49

epithelial tissue functions

Back 49

--protection
--absorption
--filtration
--secretion

Front 50

general information about epithelial tissue

Back 50

--except for glandular epithelium, cells fit together to form continuous sheets

--have no blood supply of their own (avascular) and depend on capillaries in underlying connective tissue for fuel

--everything the body receives or gives off must pass through epithelium

Front 51

apical surface of epithelial tissue

Back 51

--free, or unattached, edge

--exposed either to the body's exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ

Front 52

basement membrane of epithelial tissue

Back 52

structureless material that the lower surface of the epithelial tissue rests on

Front 53

simple vs stratified epithelia

Back 53

simple = 1 cell layer (absorption, secretion, filtration)

stratified = multiple cell layers (protection)

Front 54

simple squamous epithelium

Back 54

--single layer of thin squamous (flat) cells on the basement membrane

--located where filtration or exchange of substances through rapid diffusion occurs

--air sacs in lungs, walls of capillaries, serous membranes

Front 55

simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 55

--one layer of cuboidal cells on basement membrane

--found in glands and their ducts

--forms walls of kidney tubules and covers the surface of the ovaries

Front 56

simple columnar epithelium

Back 56

--goblet cells (produce mucous)

--lines entire length of digestive tract

--mucousae

Front 57

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 57

--all cells rest on basement membrane, but cell height varies causing "pseudostratified" appearance

--mainly functions in absorption and secretion

--ciliated variety lines most of the respiratory tract

Front 58

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 58

--most common stratified epithelium in body

--more superficial cells are squamous, but deeper cells closer to the basement membrane can be columnar or cuboidal

--deals with abuse/friction

--found in esophagus, mouth, outer layer of skin

Front 59

stratified cuboidal/columnar epithelial

Back 59

--typically found in ducts of large glands

--both types are considered rare

Front 60

transitional epithelium

Back 60

--highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium

--forms lining of urinary bladder, the ureters, and part of the urethra

--very thin when stretched (has extreme stretching capabilities)

--basal cells are cuboidal or columnar

--more superficial cells are varied

Front 61

gland

Back 61

one of more cells that make and secrete a product (secretion) made up of protein molecules in a water-based solution

Front 62

endocrine glands

Back 62

--ductless

--secretions (all hormones) diffuse directly into the blood

Front 63

exocrine glands

Back 63

--secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface

--sweat glands, oil glands, pancreas, liver

Front 64

connective tissue — general info

Back 64

--living cells supported in a non-living matrix

--limited blood supply to tendons and cartilage so healing is slow

Front 65

bone

Back 65

--composed of osteocytes that reside in cavities called lacuna

--very hard matrix composed of calcium salts (calcium is stored in bone tissue) and large numbers of collagen fibers to allow for very slight flexibility

--protects and supports other body organs

Front 66

hyaline cartilage

Back 66

--most widespread form of cartilage

--abundant collagen fibers

--rubbery matrix is glass-like and blue/white in appearance

--found in bronchi, fetal skeleton (eventually ossifies into bones except at epiphyseal, or "growth" plates), larynx, connects ribs to breastbone, trachea, nose

Front 67

fibrocartilage

Back 67

--highly compressible

--more collagen present in matrix

--found between vertebrae, in menisci of knees

Front 68

elastic cartilage

Back 68

--matrix is a threadlike network of elastic fibers

--bounces back to normal shape with ease/tolerates repeated bending

--found in epiglottis and external ear

Front 69

dense connective tissue

Back 69

--matrix is mainly collagen fibers with rows of fibroblasts in between

--forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments

--also present in dermis

Front 70

tendons vs. ligaments

Back 70

tendons: attach skeletal muscles to bones

ligaments: connect bones to bones at joints; stretchy, contain more elastic fibers than tendons

Front 71

areolar tissue

Back 71

--most widely distributed tissue variety in the body

--soft, pliable, "cob-webby"

--protects the body's organs

Front 72

adipose tissue

Back 72

--fat tissue

--most of space in fat cells is occupied by a single drop of oil

--insulates and protects body

Front 73

reticular connective tissue

Back 73

--network of intricately woven reticular fibers formed by reticular cells

--forms stroma: internal framework that supports free blood cells and the organs that contain them

Front 74

skeletal vs cardiac vs smooth muscle

Back 74

skeletal: striated, voluntary control

cardiac: striated, involuntary control, intercalated disks

smooth: no striations, spindle-shaped cells

Front 75

nervous tissue — general

Back 75

--major functions are excitability and conductivity

--neurons: specialized cells that transmit messages via electrochemical impulses

Front 76

cutaneous membrane

Back 76

skin

dermis + epidermis

Front 77

mucous membrane

Back 77

--epithelium resting on the loose connective tissue of the lamina propria

--lines all body cavities that open to the exterior

--absorption and secretion

--either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium

Front 78

serous membrane

Back 78

--line body cavities that are closed to the exterior

--simple squamous epithelium on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

Front 79

synovial membranes

Back 79

--soft areolar connective tissue, no epithelial cells AT ALL

--line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints

Front 80

functions of skin

Back 80

--protection (keeps what is needed in and what is not needed out)

--regulates body temperature

--excretes salt, urea, water, uric acid in the form of sweat

--synthesizes vitamin D

--sensory receptors convey information about external environment

Front 81

basic skin structure

Back 81

--epidermis and dermis are firmly attached (any separation causes a blister)

--subcutaneous tissue/hypodermis: layer below dermis primarily composed of adipose tissue; not considered a part of the skin, but anchors skin to underlying tissues

Front 82

5 layers of epidermis

Back 82

(1) stratum corneum — most superficial

(2) stratum lucidum

(3) stratum granulosum

(4) stratum spinosum

(5) stratum basale — most deep

Front 83

basic properties of the epidermis

Back 83

--5 layers

--avascular

--contains keratinocytes, which produce keratin: the tough fibrous protein that is responsible for the protective properties of the epidermis

Front 84

stratum corneum

Back 84

--outermost layer

--20-30 cell layers thick but accounts for 3/4 of epidermal thickness

--dead, filled with keratin, sheds off as dandruff

--protects deeper layers from chemical and physical trauma and prevents water loss

--completely replaced in 25-45 days

Front 85

stratum lucidum

Back 85

--only present where skin is hairless and extra thick, like palms of hands and soles of feet

--first layer of dead cells

Front 86

stratum granulosum/stratum spinosum

Back 86

--as cells move outwards through layers of epidermis, they become flatter and more keratinized

--cells die as they leave stratum granulosum

Front 87

stratum basale

Back 87

--closest to dermis (connected by wavy, "corrugated cardboard" border)

--b/c of proximity, contains epidermal cells that receive the most nourishment from the dermis due to diffusion

--cells are constantly dividing (stratum germinatum)

Front 88

dermis — general

Back 88

--dense fibrous connective tissue forming the papillary layer and the reticular layer

--envelope that holds body together

--rich in nerve endings

--contains blood supply

--composed of collagen (toughness) and elastin (stretch); decreases with age

Front 89

papillary layer vs reticular layer

Back 89

papillary layer: upper dermal region; contains dermal pappilae, peg-like projections that help with gripping (ex. finger prints); contains capillaries and pain and touch receptors

reticular layer: deepest layer of skin; contains blood vessels (temperature regulation), deep pain receptors, phagocytes, oil and sweat glands

Front 90

linea albicans

Back 90

stretch marks, caused by tears in the reticular layer of the dermis

Front 91

3 pigments of skin color

Back 91

(1) melanin in epidermis/stratum basale (yellow, reddish brown, black)

(2) carotene in stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue (orange-yellow)

(3) hemoglobin

Front 92

skin appendages

Back 92

cutaneous glands, hair, hair follicles, and nails

Front 93

sebaceous glands

Back 93

--oil glands

--present everywhere except soles of feet and palms of hands

--ducts can empty into hair follicles or directly onto skin surface

--produce sebum

Front 94

how many sweat glands does each person have?

Back 94

~2.5 million

Front 95

eccrine glands

Back 95

--numerous, found all over body

--funnel-shaped pore

--secrete sweat

--important for temperature regulation

Front 96

apocrine glands

Back 96

--concentrated in axillary and genital areas

--larger than eccrine glands

--ducts empty into hair follicles

--secrete sweat containing fatty acids and proteins (causes body odor)

Front 97

arrector pili muscles

Back 97

--small bands of smooth muscle that connect hair to the dermal tissue and cause slanting of hair

--contract when afraid or cold

Front 98

hair — general

Back 98

--root-->shaft (medulla-->cortex->cuticle)

--formed in stratum basale

--protects, insulates

Front 99

leading cause of death among burn victims

Back 99

infection

Front 100

consequences of burns

Back 100

--dehydration

--electrolyte imbalance

--inadequate circulation

--suppression of immune system

--infection

--interrupts body temperature regulation

Front 101

rule of nines

Back 101

--divides body into 11 areas of 9% (plus 1% for genitals)

--18% each leg

--9% each arm

--18% front torso

--18% back torso

--9% head

--1% genitals

Front 102

critical burns

Back 102

(1) over 25% of body has 2nd-degree burns

(2) over 10% of body has 3rd-degree burns

(3) any 3rd-degree burns to face, hands, or feet

Front 103

first degree burn

Back 103

--only epidermis damaged

--red/swollen

--temporary discomfort

--partial thickness burn

--regeneration of skin possible

Front 104

second degree burn

Back 104

--injury to epidermis and upper layer of dermis

--red, painful, swollen, BLISTERS

--partial thickness burn

--regeneration of skin possible, but may see some scarring

Front 105

third degree burn

Back 105

--entire thickness of skin is destroyed

--gray-white/black appearance; "charred"

--not painful because nerves have been burned away

--full thickness burn

--regeneration not possible, skin grafts required

Front 106

most common type of cancer

Back 106

skin cancer (1 in 5 Americans experience skin cancer at some point in their lives)

Front 107

basal cell carcinoma

Back 107

--cells of stratum basale

--most common skin cancer

--least malignant (rarely metastasize)

--slow growing

--shiny, dome-shaped, pearly beaded edge

--99% of cases cured

Front 108

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 108

--arises from stratum spinosum

--metastasizes to lymph nodes

--rapid growth

--scaly, shallow ulcer with firm, raised border

--sun exposure-induced

--surgically removed

--good chance of complete cure

Front 109

malignant melanoma

Back 109

--cancer of melanocytes

--metastasizes to blood vessels and lymph nodes

--rapid growth

--spreading black/brown patch that arises from mole

--extensive surgical removal

--50% chance of survival

Front 110

examination of pigmented areas for cancer

Back 110

Asymmetry

Border irregularity

Color

Diameter

Elevation

Front 111

decubitis ulcers

Back 111

--bed sores

--ischemic necrosis

--common at sacrum, ischium, heels, hips

Front 112

psoriasis

Back 112

chronic auto-immune disorder that attacks tissues

--over-production of cells leads to scaly, dry, cracked, red lesions that itch and burn

Front 113

scabies

Back 113

--transmissible parasitic infection where mites burrow into stratum corneum and lay eggs

Front 114

Athlete's Foot

Back 114

fungal infection

Front 115

Port Wine Stain

Back 115

--birthmark resulting from intense accumulation of blood vessels in the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Front 116

keloid scarring

Back 116

caused by over growth of connective tissue, considered a benign tumor, more common in darker skin types

Front 117

Albinism

Back 117

--rare genetic disorder in which individuals lack the enzyme necessary for melanocytes to produce melanin

--because Albinos have melanocytes, they can still develop melanoma