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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the seven functions of the digestive system
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ingestion,mechanical processing,digestion,secretion,absorption,compaction,elimination
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How long is digestive tube?
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25 feet long, changes shape,several glands secrete into tube
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List the six components of the oral cavity
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Palate,tongue,vestibule,teeth,frenulum,salivary ducts
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what are the three components of the salivary glands?
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parotid,submandibular,sublingual
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What is the function of salivary gland
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produce secretion to lube food, secretes amylase
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what is amylase? What 2 glands secret it
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breaks down starches into simple sugars. Parotid,salivary
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Is the parotid gland the largest of the 3 glands?
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yes
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Mumps is part of which gland?
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parotid
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What is the location of the submandibular gland?
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medial to the body of the mandible
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What does this gland produce
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Saliva only-no enzyme
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Where is the location fo the sublingual gland?
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floor of the mouth. Produces only saliva no enzyme
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What are the four layers of the tube from outer to deep
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serosa:CT,Muscular:longitudinal and circular,submucosa,mucosa
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What is the function of the Esophagus
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transports food from pharynx to stomach. Peristalsis,food passes through diaphragm
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What is peristalisis and where does it occur?
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involuntary one way wave contraction of smooth muscle in wall of digestive tabel. Esophagus
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What is the lower esophageal sphincter and location
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circular m. prevents stomach acid from leaving stomach GERD
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What is Peritonitis?
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when infectious agents get into abdominal cavity cause damage to organs and death
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What is peritontis caused by
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surgery,puncture wounds,perorating ulcer
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What are the four regions of the stomach?
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cardia,fundus,body,pylorus
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What is cardia in the stomach?
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esophagus opens into this region
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What is the fundus in the stomach?
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most superior portion
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What is the Pylorus in the stomach?
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distal portion, contiguous with duodenum,ends pyloric sphincter
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What are the three layers that line the stomach called?
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rugae
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what is rugae and what are they lined with?
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microscopic folds,depression between folds called gastric pits. Lined with epithelial cells
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What are the three types of gastric epithelial cells? and what do they produce
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mucous,parietal:HCI,cheif cells:proteolytic enzymes
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What is the location of the pyloric schincter?
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end of stomach and beginning of small intestines
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How long is the small intestine?
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21 ft long
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What are the 3 parts the small intestine is divided into and the lengths
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Duodenum:1ft,jejunum:8,ileum:12
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What organ are most of the nutrients absorbed in?
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small intestine
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What type of lining lines small intestine?
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circular folds called pilcae-increase surface area
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What are the microscopic folds called that line small intestine?
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villi
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What are the 5 components of the villus
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epithelium,arteriole,capillary,venuole,lymph duct
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Which organ is C shaped?
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duodenum
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The duodenum is how long? And location
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1 foot. Mainly on right superior side
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The duodenum recevies secretions from which two glands?
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liver:bile.Pancrease:Bicarbonate and proteolytic enzymes
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Where is the liver located?
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upper right quadrant
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How long is the jejunum?
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8ft long
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Where does the most digestion and absorption occur?
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jejunum
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what is the location of the jejunum?
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superior and upper lect quadrant
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How long is the ileum?
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12 ft long
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Where is the ileum located?
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inferior and right quadrant
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What organ empties into the cecum?
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ileum
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Which organ resorbs water and electrolytes back into blood?
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Large intestine
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Where is feces stored?
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large intestine
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Which organ absorbs certain vitamins?
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large intestine
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Cecum is part of which organ?
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large intestine
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What is Peritonitis?
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when infectious agents get into abdominal cavity cause damage to organs and death
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What is peritontis caused by
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surgery,puncture wounds,perorating ulcer
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What are the four regions of the stomach?
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cardia,fundus,body,pylorus
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What is cardia in the stomach?
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esophagus opens into this region
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What is the fundus in the stomach?
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most superior portion
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What is the Pylorus in the stomach?
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distal portion, contiguous with duodenum,ends pyloric sphincter
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What are the three layers that line the stomach called?
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rugae
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what is rugae and what are they lined with?
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microscopic folds,depression between folds called gastric pits. Lined with epithelial cells
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What are the three types of gastric epithelial cells? and what do they produce
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mucous,parietal:HCI,cheif cells:proteolytic enzymes
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What is the location of the pyloric schincter?
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end of stomach and beginning of small intestines
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How long is the small intestine?
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21 ft long
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What are the 3 parts the small intestine is divided into and the lengths
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Duodenum:1ft,jejunum:8,ileum:12
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What organ are most of the nutrients absorbed in?
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small intestine
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What type of lining lines small intestine?
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circular folds called pilcae-increase surface area
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What are the microscopic folds called that line small intestine?
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villi
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What 5 components make up the villus?
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epithelium,arteriole,capillary,venuole,lymph duct
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What organ is C shaped?
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duodenum
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How long is the duodenum?
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1 foot long
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What is the location of the duodenum?
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mainly on right superior side
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What two glands does the duodenum receive secretions from?
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Liver:bile.Pancreas:bicabonate and proteolytic enzymes
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Where is the liver located?
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located in upper right quadrant
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How long is the jejunum?
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8ft long
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In what organ does the most digestion and absorption occur?
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jejunum
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what is the location of the jejunum?
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superior and upper left quadrant
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How long is the ileum?
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12 ft long
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What is the location of the ileum?
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inferior and right quadrant
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What organ empties into the cecum?
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ileum
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Which organ resorbs water and electrolytes back into blood?
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large intestine
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What organ absorbs certain vitamins?
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large intestine
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which organ stores feces?
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large intestine
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What is the first part of the colon in large intestine?
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cecum
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What does the illeum empty into?
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cecum
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What is the location of the cecum?
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lower right quadrant
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What is attached to the inferior portion of the cecum?
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appendix
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What does the ascending colong run up? and what does it contact
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runs up right side of ab. Contacts liver
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Where does the hepatic flexure occur in large intestine?
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ascending colon (right colic flexure)
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Where does the transverse colon run along and what does it contact?
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r to l side of ab contacts spleen
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Where does the splenic flexure occur in large intestine?
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transverse colon (left colic flexure
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What does the descending colon run along?and contact?
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runs down left side of ab and contacts illiac fossa
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Where is the sigmoid colon located?
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large intestine
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How long is the sigmoid colon?
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6 inches
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The sigmoid colon is in contact with what organ?
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ilium
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Where does the sigmoid colon lead?
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leads to rectum
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Temporary storage of fecal material is held where?
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rectum
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Anal canal,anus,and two anal sphincters are components of what organ?
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rectum
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What are the four components of the urinary system?
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kidneys,ureters,urinary bladder,urethra
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Ureters connects what two organs?
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kidney to urinary bladders
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What is the function of the urinary bladder?
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stores bladder
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What is the function of the urethra?
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drains urine from bladder
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What are the two regions of the kidney?
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cortex-outer and medulla-inner
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Meduall segmented into functional units called what?
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pyramids
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What is the hollow funnel that collects urine from the pyramid?
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minor calyx
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How many minor calyx are there per pyramid?
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one
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What is the fusion of several minor calyses? and how many per kidney?
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major clayx.2-4 major per kidney
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What is the fusion of major calyses called?
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renal pelvis
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What is the opening to the ureter called?
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renal pelvis
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Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is called?
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the nephron
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The filtration of blood and production of urine occurs where?
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the nephron
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A knot of capillaries in the nephron is called what?
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glomerulus
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The hollow chamber surrounding the glomerulus in the nephron is called what?
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glomerular(bowman's)capsule
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The glomerulus plus the glomerular capsule is called what?
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renal corpuscle
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Proximal convoluted tubule,loop of henle,distal concoluted tubule are componennts of what?
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the nephron
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Loop of Henle in the nephron is the only portion found in what?
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medulla
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Is the collecting duct part of the nephron?
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no
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Collects urine from distal convoluted tubules of many nephrons is called what?
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collecting duct
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Collecting duct opens at the tip of what?
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tip of pyramid
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Urine draints into what?
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minor calyx
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This organ drains urine from kidney to urinary bladder..
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ureter
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The ureter opens onto which wall of the bladder?
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posterior
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Production of sex cells
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male reproductive system
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delivery of sex cells to place of fertilization
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male reproductive system
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development of embryo/fetus
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male reproductive system
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Production of sperm happens in what"?
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testes
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Secretion of testosterone is in what male reporductive part?
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testes
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Pouch of skin with a thin muscular wall is called what?
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scrotum
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When do the testes first appear?
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appear first seven weeks next to the kidneys
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What is the age when the testes descend into the scrotum?
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8 months of fetal age
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Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum prior to birth is called what?
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cyptorchidism
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The wall of scrotum is composed of what smooth muscle?
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dartos
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What skeletal muscle is attached tothe dermis?
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cremaster m.
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What male part controls the tempature of the testes?
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scrotum
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What is the tempature at which sperm develops?
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35
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Where is sperm developed?
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testes
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Testes are comprised of hollow tubing called what?
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seminferous tubules
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How many seminiferous tubules does each testis contain?
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800 seminiferous tubules
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Each testis contains about how much tubing?
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one half mile
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How long does sperm maturation take?
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about 9 weeks
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The head of the sperm contains what?
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the nucleus
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The middle piece and neck of sperm contain what?
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large spiral mitochondrion
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the tail of the sperm allows what kind of motion?
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corkscrew motion to propel sperm
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On the sperm, what is the membrane bound bag of enzymes covering the head called?
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acrosome
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Where does testosterone production occur?
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in cells between seminferous tubule
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Where is the epididymis located in comparison to the testes?
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located on posterior/superior border of testes
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What male part acts as a recycling center for damaged sperm?
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epidiymis
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How long can sperm be stored in the epidiymis?
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2 months
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The epididymis allows sperm to be fully fuctional, what is this called?
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capacitation
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How long is the Ductus vas Deferens?
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16 in long
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The ductus deferens begins at the end of which male organ?
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epidiymis
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What male organ ascends into the ab cavity by piercing the anterior muscles?
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ductus vas deferens
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What male productive organ courses around posterior surface of bladder?
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ductus deferens
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Which male organ goes into the prostate gland?
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ductus vas deferens
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Ducuts deferens wall is mostly what kind of muscle?
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smooth-contraction propels sperm to utethra
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Sperm+secretions=?
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semen(ejaculate)
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How many ml is the typical ejaculate and how many sperm?
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2-5 ml
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Seminal vesicles, what is its posterior surface?
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urinary bladder
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The seminal vesicle fuses with vas deferens to form which duct?
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ejaculatory duct
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Seminal vesicles contain large amounts of this...
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fructose
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The ejaculatory duct enters what gland?
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prostate gland
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The ejaculatory duct enters through what?
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urethra
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This gland contributes to approximately 25% of total semen volume
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prostate gland
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The prostatic portion of the urethra is in what gland?
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prostate gland
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the membranous portion of the urethra passes through what muscles to enter the penis?
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pelvic muscles
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The penile portion of the urethra courses the entire span of what?
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penile shaft
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The bulbourethral glands secretes into membranous urethra which produces what kind of mucous?
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alkaline
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The body (shaft)consists of three erectile tissure called what?
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2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpos spongiosum-urethra runs through
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The opening of the urethra is called what?
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external urethral meatus
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What is the number one sex organ in females?
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ovaries
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How many eggs migrate into each ovary during trimester?
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1 million
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At puberty, how many eggs do you ovulate? and the number of days it takes to produce egg?
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1 egg/28days
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An egg plus surrounding cells is called what?
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Follicle
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Follicle cells produce what 2 components?
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estrogen and progesterone
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In follicle development, what day is the follicle recruited?
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Day 1-first day of menses or first day of the females period
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In follicle development, what day is 2 follicle?
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Day 4
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In follicle development, what day is 3 follicle(tertiary)
|
Day 8
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In follicle development, what day does ovulation occur?
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day 14
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How long is the Oviduct?
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5 inches long
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The oviduct begins with finger like projections called what?
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fimbriae
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Fimbriae define the opening of the oviduct what is that called?
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infundibulum
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What type of epithelium is the oviduct lined with?
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cilated
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Where is the most common site of fertilization?
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Oviduct
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How many days does it take for the egg to reach the uterus?
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about three days
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What part of the female anatomy opens into the uterus?
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Oviduct
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Nutritional support and protection of the embryo/fetus is a function of what female organ?
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Uterus
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Expulsion of the fetus during labor occus where?
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uterus
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What female organ is the shape of an upside down pear?
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Uterus
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What are the layers of the uterine wall from outer to inner?
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Perimetrium,Myometrium,Endometrium
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This layer of the uterine wall is comprised of CT
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Perimetrium
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This layer of the Uterine Wall is smooth muscle,thickest layer,contractions expel fetus
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Myometrium
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This layer of Uterine wall has glands and vascular, shed every 28 days
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Endometrium
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What layer of the uterine wall is the site of implantation of fertilized egg?
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Endometrium
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Which region of the uterus is most superior?
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Fundus
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What is the major portion of the uterus called?
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body
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Which region of the uterus is the most inferior portion and projects into post. vagina?
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Cervix
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What region of the uterus possesses cervical canals?
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cervix
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What is the shallow recess around cervix but part of the vagina called?
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Fornix
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The area enclosing the external genitalia is called what?
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external genitalia
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What portion of the external genitalia contains lateral folds of skin,hair follicles,same structure as scrotum?
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Labia majora
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What part of the external genitalia meets superiorly to form mons pubis?
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Labia majora
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What is the raised area of skin above vulva because of adipose tissue called?
|
Mons pubis
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In the external genitalia, What are the medial folds of skin,no hair follicles,highly vascular called?
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Labia minora
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What part of the external genitalia gives vulva pinkish appearance?
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Labia minora
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What part of the external genitalia meets superiorly to form foreskin of clitoris?
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Labia minora
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What is the skin fold surrounding and defining the opening of the vagina called?
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Hymen
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True or False-Does the clitoris incorporate urethra
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False-Does not incorporate urethra
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Mammary glands are divided into how many lobes?
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12 lobes
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Nipple surrounded by pigmented region of skin is called what?
|
areola
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What type of ligaments connect underlying muscle with skin, provide support for mammary gland
|
Suspensory ligaments
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Cleavage begins how long after post-fertilization?
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12 hours
|
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The zygote is divided into how many cells?
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2 cells (mitosis)
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46 chromosomes in zygote =
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46 chromosomes in both daughter cells
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2 cell into 4 cell stage of cleavage occurs when?
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24-36 hours
|
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4 cell into 8 cell stage occurs in how many hours in cleavage?
|
36-72 hours
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In cleavage the 16 cell stage is called what?
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Morula
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The Morula develops in how many hours from fertilization?
|
72 hours
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After 3 days in the oviduct, The morula enters what?
|
the uterus
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Once entering the uterine cavity this can float freely
|
Morula
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Once Morula begins to accumlate fluid and forms cavity it becomes what?
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blastocyst
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Blastocysts have what type of inner cavity?
|
fluid filled
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What evolves from Morula on day 5?
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Blastocyst
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This will form the invading placenta
|
Trophoblasts
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This will form the embryo
|
Inner cell mass cells
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hCg stands for what?
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human chorionic gonadotropin
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hCg is produced by trophoblasts starting on what day?
|
6th day
|
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Is hcG a hormone?
|
yes
|
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This causes endometrium of uterus to grow and proliferate
|
hCg
|
|
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This prevents the menstrual cycle from occuring
|
hCg
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Erosion of maternal blood vessels,complete emersion into endometrium of uterus is what week?
|
week 2
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What week is the development of CV and nervous system?
|
Weeks 3-4
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What weeks will the embryo develop all structures that an adult has?
|
Weeks 5-8
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When is the embryonic period?
|
Weeks 1-8
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What begins on week 9 and goes until birth at 38 weeks?
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Fetal period
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What period is characterized by development of structures?
|
Embryonic period
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What period is characterized by growth of structures?
|
Fetal period
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