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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Distinguish between anatomy & physiology.
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Anatomy = structure
Physiology = function |
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Describe the characteristics of life and list the things required to maintain it.
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Characteristics of Life: Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion.
Maintenance of Life: Water, foods, oxygen, heat, pressure. |
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What are the properties of water?
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Universal Solvent
Specific Heat Capacity Heat of Vaporization Chemical Reactions Cushioning Surface Tension |
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What is pH?
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pH describes the amount of H+ in a solution.
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What is a neutral pH?
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7
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What is an acidic pH?
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Less than 7.
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What is a basic pH?
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Greater than 7.
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What is the pH range of blood?
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7.35-7.451
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What is acidosis?
What are its symptoms? |
Acidosis is characterized by having a body pH less than 7.35.
Symptoms: decreased nervous system activity, confusion, coma |
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What is alkalosis?
What are its symptoms? |
Alkalosis is characterized by having a body pH greater than 7.45.
Symptoms: increased nervous system activity, jitteriness, seizures |
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Function(s) of Carbohydrates
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Provide much of the energy that cells require.
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Function(s) of Lipids
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Store energy.
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Function(s) of Nucleic Acids
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Form genes, protein synthesis
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Function(s) of Proteins
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Serve as structural materials, energy sources, hormones
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What are the four organic molecules?
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Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins.
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What are the major inorganic compounds?
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Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts.
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Describe the anatomy (structure) and the physiology (function) of enzymes.
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Anatomy: Proteins
Physiology: Speed up reactions in the body. |
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Explain the factors that can increase or decrease enzyme function.
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Substrate and Product Concentration: As more products are made, fewer substances are available. This makes it harder for the enzyme to locate the substrate.
Enzyme Concentration: As more products are made, fewer substrates are available. Competitive Inhibition: Substance that looks similar to substrate bind to the active site. |
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Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
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Simple Diffusion: non-polar, cells do not regulate simple diffusion.
Facilitated Diffusion: Needs carrier protein, allows for regulation. Osmosis: Diffusion of water. |
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Types of osmotic solutions.
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Isotonic Solutions: Cell stays the same size.
Hypertonic Solutions: Cell shrivels up. Hypotonic Solutions: Cell bursts. |
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Active Transport Pumps
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Sodium-Potassium Pump (Na-K Pump)
Proton Pump (H+ Pump) Na-Coupled Pump |
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Major Stages of Cancer Development
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Hyperplasia: benign tumor
Dysplasia: malignant tumor Angiogenesis: no size limitation for tumor Metastasis: malignant tumor has spread to other areas of the body (lymphatic system, blood vessels) |
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Oncogenes
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"Cancer" gene, cause growth.
Proto-oncogenes - functional gas pedals |
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Tumor Suppressor Genes
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Genes that normally stop/control cell division; correct mutations, destroy mutated cell.
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Apoptosis
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Cell suicide controlled by P53 gene.
Stops spread of cancer. |
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Major Functions of the Four Tissue Types
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Epithelial: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion
Connective: bind, support, protect, fill space, store fat, make blood cells Muscle: movement Nervous: responding to stimuli and transmitting impulses from one body organ to another |
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Location: Alveoli
Function: Diffusion |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Location: Pancreas, glands
Function: Secretion |
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Location: Stomach, small intestine
Function: Absorption, secretion (protection) |
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Location: Trachea
Function: Support |
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Stratified Squamous
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Location: Skin
Function: Protection |
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Transitional
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Location: Bladder
Function: Can accommodate large volume fluctuations. |
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Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar)
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Location: Most widely-distributed tissue.
Function: Cushions and protects body organs. |
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Adipose Tissue
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Location: Under skin, around organs.
Function: Insulates, cushions, energy. |
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Location: Ends of bones, trachea.
Function: Support and flexibility. |
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Elastic Cartilage
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Location: Ears, larynx.
Function: Support and elasticity. |
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Fibrosis
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The formation of an abnormal amount of fibrous tissue in an organ or part as the result of inflammation, irritation, or healing.
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Regeneration
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The restoration or new growth by an organism of organs, tissues, etc., that have been lost, removed, or injured.
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CNS
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Includes the brain and spinal cord.
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PNS
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Somatic Nervous System: voluntary movements, external stimuli
Autonomic Nervous System: involuntary movements, internal stimuli |
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Steps of a Nerve Impulse
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Dendrite -> Cell Body -> Axon -> Synaptic Knobs -> Next Neuron
Once polarity reversal is achieved, voltage-gated Na+ (Sodium) channels nearby open up -> depolarization further down axon. Information continues to be passed along. |
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Steps Leading to the Release of Neurotransmitters
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Nerve impulse travels down the axon to the synaptic knobs.
This opens the Ca2+ (Calcium) voltage-gated channels. The increase of Calcium inside causes the synaptic vesicle to fuse with the synaptic knob membrane and exocytosis occurs. The neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors with the postsynaptic neuron. Signal is sent on to the next neuron. Inactivated neurotransmitter fragments are picked up by the presynaptic membrane. Fragments are used to make new neurotransmitters. |
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Glutamate
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Excitatory Neurotransmitter
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GABA
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Postsynaptic inhibition of the brain.
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Dopamine
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Involved with emotional responses and complex movements.
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Methamphetamine
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Speeds up dopamine production and blocks transporters.
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Cocaine
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Blocks dopamine transporters and results in increased levels of dopamine in the brain.
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Alcohol
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Glutamate
Alcohol inhibits glutamate receptor function This causes muscular relaxation, discoordination, slurred speech, staggering, memory disruption, and blackouts Ether and chloroform have similar effects on the glutamate system GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) Alcohol enhances GABA receptor function This causes feelings of calm, anxiety-reduction and sleep Valium has a similar effect on the GABA system Dopamine Alcohol raises dopamine levels This leads to excitement and stimulation Cocaine and amphetamine have similar effects on the dopamine system Endorphins Alcohol raises endorphin levels This kills pain and leads to an endorphin "high" Morphine and heroin have similar effects on the endorphin system |
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Addiction
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When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped.
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The Circle of Willis
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Serves as a safety mechanism in the brain.
If one of the four arteries gets blocked, the other three supply blood to the Circle of Willis, which supplies the brain. |
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Meningeal Layers
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Located around the brain and spinal cord. CSF is located in the subarachnoid space.
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Functions of the CSF
Problems with Blockage |
Provides a cushion against blows.
Reduces net weight of the brain. Excretes waste products quickly. Transports hormones quickly to specific areas of the brain. Blood clot in the brain = Thrombosis Blood clot that moved to the brain = Embolism Constriction/narrowing of artery in the brain = Stenosis Causes strokes. |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System |
Fight or Flight
Rest and Digest |
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Spinal Cord (top to bottom)
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Skull
Cervical Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae Sacrum Conus Medullaris Cauda Equina Filum Terminale |
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Pathway of Olfactory Stimulation
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Chemical molecules in the air
Bind to receptors on olfactory hairs (cilia) Depolarization/nerve impulse Olfactory receptor cells Olfactory nerve |
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Anosmia (no sense of smell)
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Causes: head injury, nasal cavity inflammation (cold, allergy), high doses of asprin, smoking, drug use (cocaine)
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Gustation (sense of taste)
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Chemicals dissolved in saliva
Bind to receptors on taste hairs (microvilli) in taste buds Nerve impulse in gustatory receptor cells Facial Nerve (VII) & Glossopharyngeal (IX) Parietal Amygdala Hippocamus |
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Tastes
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(tip to end)
Sweet Salty Sour Bitter |
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Accessory Organs of the Eye
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ocular muscles
fasciæ eyebrows eyelids conjunctiva lacrimal apparatus |
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Accommodation
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Lens shape changes to focus.
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Dilation & Constriction of the Pupil
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Muscles:
Circular Set: constrict Radial Set: dilate |
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Convergence
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Moves eyes into focus on close objects.
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Focusing on far and near objects
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Thick Lens = Close up
Thin Lens = Far away |
