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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exam #1
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yay!
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The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor units are firing in the muscle
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multiple motor unit summation
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the phenomenon in which the contraction strength of a muscle increases, due to increased enzyme efficiency during an athlete's warm up
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treppe
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continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation
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tetanus
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the situation in which contractions become stronger due to a rapid stimulation rate. Partial relaxation occurs between contractions
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wave summation
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how a smooth increase in muscle force is produced
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multiple motor unit summation
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a sarcomere is the distance between two...
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z discs
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the ... contains only the actin filaments
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i band
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the thicker filaments are the ... filaments
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myosin
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both actin and myosin are found in the...
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a band
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the myosin filaments are located in the ...
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a band
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Once a nerve has fired all the muscle fibers are free. (t or f)
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false
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the thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that seems to have no function (t or f)
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false
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eccentric contractions are more forceful than concentric contractions
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true
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a nerve cell and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate
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false
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a contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric.
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true
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during isometric contraction, the energy used appear as movement
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false
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one of the important functions of skeletal muscle is production of heat
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true
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a resting membrane potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell
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true
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the effect of the neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its permeability properties temporarily
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true
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when a muscle fiver contracts, the i bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length (t or f)
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true
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in the muscle contraction, calcium apparently acts to...
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remove the blocking action of tropomyosin
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myoglobin...
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holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells
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a sarcomere is...
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the area between two z discs
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the striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by...
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the arrangement of myofilaments
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which of the following are composed of myosin?
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thick filaments
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during muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?
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actin filaments
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which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
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endomysium
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the contractile units of skeletal muscles are...
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myofibrils
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one functional unit of skeletal muscle is...
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the sarcomere
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immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ... period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur.
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latent
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after nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the calcium...
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is actively pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage until next contraction
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the major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the muscle contraction is to ...
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regulate intracelllar calcium concentration
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the functional role of the T tubules is to...
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enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction
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when a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?
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refractory period
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the muscle cell membrane is called ...
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sarcolemma
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muscle tissue has all of the following properties except...
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transmissibility
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muscle tone is...
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the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements
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the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to..
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bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration
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the warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called...
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treppe
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of the three muscle tissue types, which are striated?
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skeletal and cardiac
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active sites on the actin become available for binding when...
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calcium binds to troponin
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ATP hydolysis is directly required for which of the following?
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Na K pump moving ions across the membrane and pumping calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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which of the following is the first to occur after ACh binds to its receptor?
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sodium channels open on the sarcolemma
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the sliding filament model of contraction involves...
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actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening
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an individual has just ingested a chemical that binds irreversibly to the ACh receptors in the sarcolemma. by itself it does not alter membrane potential, yet prevents normal neurotransmitter binding. ignoring the effects on any other system, the consequence to skeletal muscle would be...
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contraction if stimulated by an eternal electrode, but no contraction at all by nervous mechanisms
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which of the following occur first in relation to skeletal muscle contraction...
-action potential on the sarcolemma -calcium ions pumped into sarcoplasmic reticulum -calcium ions cause fusion of synaptic vesicle with axonal membrane -acetyl chlorine release into the synaptic cleft |
3rd one
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what is the first step to repolarization?
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sodium channels close
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Exam #2
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yay!
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histology could be defined as a study of...
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tissues
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what is the highest level you would expect a blood vessel to be?
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organ
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if you consider you home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis then the wall thermostat would be the...
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control center
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an oblique cut is one that...
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is cut between the verticle and horizontal
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a structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be...
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an organ
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which of the following would not be functional characteristics of life?
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decay
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the anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except...
-arms at sides -body erect -palms turned posteriorly -thumbs pointed laterally |
palms turned posteriorly
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a parasagittal plane is...
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any sagittal plane except the median
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choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched...
-gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye -embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth -developmental anatomy: study of the changes in an individual from birth through old age -microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye |
3rd one
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homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains...
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a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
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place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex
1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organ |
1,2,3,4,5
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one of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. this refers to...
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sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
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survival needs of the body include:
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nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
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the anatomical position is used:
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as a standard reference point for directional terms regardless of the actual position of the body
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a horizontal section through the body is called:
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transverse
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a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, is called...
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sagittal
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a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior, is called...
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frontal
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Exam #3
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yay!
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structural support of the external ear and other structures that need support with flexibility
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elastic cartilage
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forms the embryonic skeleton and covers the articular surfaces of long bones
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hyaline cartilage
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embryonic connective tissue that arises from mesoderm and produces all types of connective tissues
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mesenchyme
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achilles was wounded by damage to the tendon connection his calf muscles to his heel. this and all tendons are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue. (t or f)
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false
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goblet cells are found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (t or f)
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true
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epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and basal surface
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true
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simple cuboidal epithelia are usually associated with secretion and absorption (t or f)
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true
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depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium (t or f)
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true
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the basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissue is in the amount of elastic fivers and adipose cells present (t or f)
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false
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cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue (t or f)
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true
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intercalated discs and striations suggest the presence of skeletal muscle (t or f)
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false
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smooth muscle cells posses central nuclei but lack striations (t or f)
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false
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most connective tissues have regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not. (t or f)
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false
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functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection (t or f)
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true
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endocrine glands are often called ducted glands (t or f)
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false
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blood is considered a type of connective tissue (t or f)
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true
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nervous tissue consists mainly of nerons and collagen fibers (t or f)
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false
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which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone?
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blood vessels
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the presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate...
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osseous tissue
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hyaline cartilage is different from elastic or fibrocartilage because...
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fibers are not visible with normal stains
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epithelial tissue....
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has a basement membrane
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sweat glands exhibit a glandular type called....
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simple coiled tubular
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pseudostratified cuboidal epithelium....
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is not an epithelial classification
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which statement best describes connective tissue?
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usually contains a large amount of matrix
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matrix is..
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fibers and gound substance
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organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form...
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tissue
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glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their prodects directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as...
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endocrine
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.... epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
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pseudostratified columnar
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a multilayered eptithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as...
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stratified squamous
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which of these is not considered connective tissue?
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contains contractile units made of collagen
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mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in.... connective tissue
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embryonic
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