Anatomy Final

Front 1

Contractility

Back 1

muscle shortens forcefullly

Front 2

excitability

Back 2

muscle responds to stimulus

Front 3

extensibility

Back 3

muscle can stretch beyond its normal resting length and still contract

Front 4

elasticity

Back 4

muscle recoils to its original resting length after having been stretched

Front 5

skeletal muscle

Back 5

constitues 40% of the body's weight; voluntaryily controlled

Front 6

smooth muscle

Back 6

most widely distributed muscle type;

involuntarily controlled

Front 7

cardiac muscle

Back 7

found only in heart

involunitarily controlled

Front 8

skeletal

smooth

cardiac

Back 8

skeletal smooth cardiac

-voluntary -movements of hair -intercalated disc

-multiple,peripherally and pupil size -cylindrical +

located nucleus -spindle shaped branched

-body movement -no striations -spontaneous

-no centrally located nucleus contractions

-involuntary -single, centrally located nucleus

Front 9

Back 9

dddd

Front 10

point where axon terminal synapses with the muscle fiber sarcolemma is called the---

Back 10

neuromuscular junction

Front 11

muscle cells originate from

Back 11

myoblasts

Front 12

hypertrophy means that there is an----in the size of the muscle fibers, and there is usally----muscle fibers

Back 12

increase, no change in the number of

Front 13

sarcolemma

Back 13

plasma membrane

Front 14

endomysium

Back 14

connective tissue

Front 15

sarcoplasm

Back 15

cytoplasm of muscle cell

Front 16

myofibril

Back 16

bundle of protein filaments

Front 17

muscle myofibrils

Back 17

contain myosin and actin myofilaments

Front 18

length of the resting sarcomere is

Back 18

longer than the length of a contracted sarcomere

Front 19

The charge difference across the plasma membrane of an unstimulated cell is called the---

Back 19

resting membrane potential

Front 20

electrical properties of cells are the result of

Back 20

ion concentration differences across the plasma membrane

Front 21

during the----phase, the inside of the cell becomes positively charged, and during the----phase, the membrane potential returns to its resting value

Back 21

depolarization, repolarization

Front 22

Depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of

Back 22

sodium ions

Front 23

Place the steps ofthe muscle action potential in the appropriate order.

Back 23

1.an action potential arrives at presynaptic terminal

2.voltage gated ca2+ channels in presynaptic membrane open

3.calcium ions enter the presynaptic terminal

4.the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is releaased from pre-synaptic vesicles

5.ACh is released and diffuses into synaptic cleft

6.Ach binds to and opens ligand-gated Na+ channels in the postsynaptic membrane

7.Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell

8.Postsynaptic membrane begins to depolarize

9. If depolarization passes threshold, an action potential is generated along the postsynaptic membrane

10.ACh unbinds from the ligand-gated Na+ channels, which then close

11. The enzyme acetylcholineesterase removoves acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

Front 24

A muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus when that stimulus reaches the _____ level.

Back 24

threshold

Front 25

put events of excitation-contraction coupling in correct order

Back 25

1.a nerve impulse causes ACh to be released at a neuromuscular junction

2.The T tubules carry the action potential to the interior of the muscle fiber

3.Calcium ions are released into sarcoplasm

4.Calcium ions bind to troponin molecules on the actin myofilaments

5.the troponin-tropomyosin complex moves, exposing active sites on the actin myofilaments

6. The heads of myosin myofilaments bind to sites on the actin myofilaments forming cross-bridges

Front 26

Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction.

Back 26

sarcolemma, T tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions

Front 27

n order for muscle relaxation to occur,

Back 27

active sites on actin must be blocked

Front 28

1. An action potential is propagated to the presynaptic terminal.

2. Depolarization occurs.

3. Cross-bridges from.

4. Energy is released as heat. 5. Calcium ions are actively transported into the sarcopasmic reticulum.

6. Cross-bridge formation is inhibited. Relaxation phase

Back 28

1.lag Phase

2.lag phase

3.contraction phase

4.contraction phase

5.relaxation phase

6.relaxation phase

Front 29

The time between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of contraction is called the _____ phase.

Back 29

latent or lag

Front 30

Lag Phase

Contraction

relaxation

Back 30

lag phase

-Ca++ binds to troponin

-local depolarization of

muscle fiber

-the action potential

produced propagates

into the T tubules

contraction

-ca2++ released from sarcoplasmic

reticulum

-actin myofilaments slide past myosin myofilaments

-cross bridges form

relaxation

-ca++ is actively transported into sarcoplasmic reticulum

-muscle fibers lengthen

Front 31

A single motorneuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates is called a ___________.

Back 31

motor unit

Front 32

Sort each movementby the type of motor unit used to achieve the movement.

small motor units

Large motor units

Back 32

Small motor units:

writing a note

-playing a piano

-following words on a page with your eyes

Large motor UNITs

-climbing stairs

-moving piano

-sitting upright

Front 33

The force of acontraction can be increased with _________, which involves increasing theforce of contraction of the muscle fibers, as well as with __________, whichinvolves increasing the number of muscle fibers contracting.

Back 33

summation, recruitment

Front 34

Whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying

Back 34

the number of motor units recruited

Front 35

________ occurswhen a rested muscle is stimulated repeatedly, at low frequencies, allowingrelaxation between contractions. This causes each contraction to be strongerthan the previous one until the levels of tension are equal betweencontractions.

Back 35

treppe

Front 36

In ___________,muscle fibers partially relax between contractions, and in ___________, norelaxation occurs between contractions.

Back 36

incomplete tetanus, complete tetanus

Front 37

Which of the following statements concerning types of muscle contractions is false?

Back 37

in isometric contractions, the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant

Front 38

The constanttension produced by muscles for long periods of time is ___________.

Back 38

muscle tone

Front 39

The type of muscle fatigue known as "psychological fatigue" is the result of

Back 39

emotional state of indiv

Front 40

As a result ofextreme muscular fatigue, muscles can become incapable of relaxing orcontracting, which is called _____________.Similarly, several hours after death, ATP levels decline, causing muscle musclerigidity, known as ____________.

Back 40

physiological contracture, rigor mortis

Front 41

You are hired to work in a laboratory to measure the rate of human muscle contraction. Which of the following might decrease in quantity in muscle cells undergoing contractions?

Back 41

ATP

Front 42

Classify each ofthe following energy sources and energy yield.

Creatine Phosphate

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Back 42

Creatine phosphate

-Energy source: creatine phosphate

-Oxygen Required: NO

-ATP yield: 1 per creatine phosphate

-Duration: up to 10 secondds

Aerobic Respiration

-energy source:glucose, lactic acid, fatty acids, amino acids

-Oxygen required: YES

-ATP yield: up to 36 per glucose molecule

-Duration:hours

Anaerobic Glycolysis

-oxygen req:no

-energy source: glucose

-atp yield: 2 per glucose molecule

-duration:up to 3 minutes

Front 43

Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

Back 43

size of muscle fibers

Front 44

If bodytemperature drops, muscles respond by contracting rapidly in order to produceheat, a process known as ___________.

Back 44

shivering

Front 45

Functionally, smooth muscle

Back 45

exhibits autorhythmic contractions

Front 46

The refractory period

Back 46

is the time during which the tissue cannot respond again

Front 47

Determine whether that statement pertains to cardiacmuscle, smooth muscle, or both.

cardiac, smooth, both

-transverse tubules

-intercalated discs

-calcium ion receptors are in troponin

-found in wall of ileum

-peristalsis

-damaged muscle cells have good capacity for repair

-has endomysium

-ions pass from cell to cell via specialized cell junctions

-doesn't req nervous stimulation

-mononucleated

Back 47

cardiac

-transverse tubules

-intercalated discs

-calcium ion receptors

are in troponin

smooth

-in walls of ileum

-peristalsis

-damaged muscle cells haev good capacity for repair

both

-has endomysium

-ions pass from cell to cell via specialized cell junctions

-doesn't require nervous stimulation

-mononucleated

Front 48

Put the followingevents of cross bridge formation and recovery in the correct order, ending withthe recovery stroke.

Back 48

1.exposure of active sites

2.cross-bridge formation

3.power stroke

4.cross-bridge release

5.hydrolysis of atp

6.recovery stroke

Front 49

During contraction of a muscle, calcium ions bind to...

Back 49

the troponin molecule

Front 50

The bond between the actin and myosin head is broken when..

Back 50

an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head

Front 51

Energy is released when...

Back 51

ATP is broken down into ADP and posphate

Front 52

In order for the excitation-contraction coupling to occur, the production of an action potential must occur within the ______ of a muscle fiber.

Back 52

sarcolemma

Front 53

_________summation occurs when multiple action potentials arrive simultaneously at twodifferent presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuroncell body

Back 53

spatial

Front 54

Back 54

diverging

Front 55

Back 55

converging

Front 56

Back 56

parallel after-discharge

Front 57

Back 57

reverberating

Front 58

Along myelinatedaxons of the peripheral nervous system, ion currents must cross the plasmamembrane of the neuron

Back 58

at nodes of Ranvier

Front 59

identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter.

Back 59

gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites whereas white matter consists mostly of melinated axons

Front 60

Identify the correct sequence of information in a chemical synapse.

Back 60

Presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane

Front 61

Compounds classified as ______ alter synaptic transmission by changing neurotransmitter receptor numbers or affecting the breakdown and/or removal of neurotransmitter.

Back 61

neuromodulators

Front 62

he respiratory center of the brain (taking into account input from chemoreceptors, pulmonary stretch receptors and higher centers of the brain to determine respiratory output) is an example of a ______ circuit.

Back 62

converging

Front 63

The nervous system

Back 63

monitors internal and external stimuli. transmits information in the form of action potentials. interprets or assesses information. maintains homeostasis.

all of these choices are correct

Front 64

The __________nervous system communicates with the skeletal muscles and the __________nervous system communicates with the smooth and cardiac muscle as well asglands.

Back 64

somatic; autonomic

Front 65

Place the followinglabels in the appropriate division of the nervous system.

Central Nervous, peripheral nervous system (sensory), peripheral nervous system (motor)

includes the brain;pain receptors in the hand;parasympathetic division;responds to the environmental conditons;spinal cord;sympathetic division;carries signals to the skeletal muscles;ganglia and nerves;interneurons

Back 65

central nervous system:

-includes the brain

-interneurons

-spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (sensory)

-pain receptors in hand

-responds to the env conditions

-ganglia and nerves

peripheral nervous (motor)

-carries signals to skeletal muscles

-sympathetic division

-parasympathetic div

Front 66

The neurons thatconduct information towards the CNS are

Back 66

sensory neurons

Front 67

oligodendrocytes

Back 67

form myelin sheaths in CNS

Front 68

Ependymal cells

Back 68

-can be arranged as ciliated cells resembling epithelium

-function in production and circulation of CSF

Front 69

Microglia

Back 69

Macrophages of CNS

Front 70

Astrocytes

Back 70

-most abundant CNS glia

-multi-functioning cells involved with neurogenesis, scar formation, BBB maintenance, etc

Front 71

Schwann cells

Back 71

-form myelin sheaths in PNS

-function to insulate neurons and enhance th rate of transmission to PNS

Front 72

satellite cells

Back 72

support cells in PNS that surround neuronal bodies

Front 73

Back 73

dfsg

Front 74

The concentration of__________ ions is much greater outside the cell than inside, and inside thecell the concentration of __________ ions is much greater than that of theextracellular fluid.

Back 74

sodium, potassium

Front 75

For each ATPmolecule used, the sodium-potassium pump transports approximately

Back 75

two K+ into the cell and three Na+ out of the cell

Front 76

Correctly labelthe structures, areas, and concentrations associated with a cell's electricalcharge difference across its membrane.

20.

Back 76

Front 77

A decrease in theresting membrane potential is called __________ whereas, __________refers to an increase in the membrane potential beyond that of the restingpotential.

Back 77

depolarization; hyperpolarization

Front 78

A localized changein membrane potential, whether depolarizing or hyperpolarizing, is calleda_____and is caused by____.

Back 78

graded potential;change in membrane permeability

Hint 78

The movement of any charged species across the cell, whether depolarizing or hyperpolarizing will yield a graded potential. The extent of that movement will determine the size of the graded potential.

Front 79

ch. 11 23

Back 79

ddsd

Front 80

For each phase ofthe action potential, indicate the change in membrane potential and the iongates responsible for each phase. Labels may be used more thanonce.

ch11 24

Back 80

dssg

Hint 80

Each phase occursbecause of the particular gates that are open, allowing the flow of specificions.

Front 81

Complete thesentences describing the events that occur during an action potential.

-

Back 81

-An action potential will not occur unless the membrane potential at the trigger zone (the initial segement of the axon) reaches a level called threshold.

-When threshold is reached, voltage-gated sodium channels of the initial segment open briefly, allowing sodium to diffuse into the cell.

-As these ions enter the cell, the cell membrane undergoes depolarization, with the membrane potential increasing to a peak of approximately +30mV.

-As the peak of the action potential is reached, the sodium channels close and the voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing these ions to diffuse out of the cell.

-As cations leave the cell, the membrane potential at that part of the membrane once again becomes negative. This phase of the action potential is called repolarization, because the resting membrane potential is being reestablished.

-The membrane potential actually dips lower than -70mV because the potassium channels do not close quickly enough. This phase is called hyperpolarization.

Hint 81

The changes in membrane potential that occurs during an action potential are due to the opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels.

Front 82

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential is TRUE?

Back 82

the exterior of the cell has a net positive charge and the interior has a net negative charge

Front 83

During depolarization, which of the following statements about voltage-gated ion channels is TRUE

Back 83

Na+ gates open before K+ gates

Front 84

Depolarization occurs because

Back 84

more Na+ diffuse into the cell than K+ diffuse out of it

Front 85

ch 11

29

Back 85

ewet

Front 86

For a typicalneuron under constant conditions, what limits themaximal frequency attainable of action potentials moving down an axon?

Back 86

the refractoryperiod

Front 87

Check all of thefactors that would increase the speed of an action potential.

Back 87

axons with largerdiameters

increased thicknessof myelin sheath

myelinatedaxons

Front 88

ch11

32

Back 88

ewt

Front 89

place events of CHEMICAL SYNAPSE in order

Back 89

1. action potentials arriving at presynaptic terminal cause voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open

2.Ca2+ diffuses into cell and causes synaptic vesicles to undergo exocytosis, releasing neurotransmitter molecueles

3.neurotransmitter molecules difffuse from the presynaptic terminal across the synaptic cleft

4.neurotransmitter molecules bind their receptor sites, causing ligand-gated Na+ channels to open. Na+ diffuses into the cell or out of the cell, causing a change in membrane potential

Front 90

Homeostatic regulation of receptor levels receptor levels often forms thebasis of addiction. In Ralph's case the increased release of dopamine caused aprogressive

Back 90

decrease indopamine receptor numbers in dopaminergic postynaptic membranes.

Front 91

Match thedescription to the correct type of postsynaptic potential.

1. Depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

2. Membrane becomes more permeable to Na+ EPSP

3. Hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane IPSP

4. A membrane potential becomes more negative IPSP

5. The membrane becomes more permeable to Cl- orK+ IPSP

Back 91

1.EPSP

2.EPSP

3.IPSP

4.IPSP

5.IPSP

Front 92

As a result ofcalcium ions diffusing into the cell...

Back 92

synaptic vessels migrate to the plasma membrane and release acetylcholine.

Front 93

Place thefollowing labels in the proper position to designate action potential or localpotential.

-EPSPs
-voltage-gated potassium channels
-reversible
-ligand-gated sodium channels
-voltage-gated sodium channels
-IPSPs
-require threshold
-decremental
-cause summation
-importantfor transmission over long distances

Back 93

action potentials:

-voltage-gated sodium channels

-voltage-gated potassium channels

-important for transmission over long distances

-require threshold

local potentials

-ligand-gated sodium channels

-IPSPs

-Decremental

-EPSPs

-cause summation

-reversible

Hint 93

Local and actionpotentials are distinctly different membrane phenomena. Local potentials thatoccur in the postsynaptic membrane of the dendrites and soma of a neuron aredecremental, reversible, and graded. Local potentials are required in order toinitiate an action potential, which then serves to quickly propagateinformation over long distances via irreversible,all-or-none reactions.

Front 94

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provides a protective cushion around the brain. It is located in the:

Back 94

subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater meninges.

Hint 94

The cerebrospinal fluid is a liquid that circulates within the subarachnoid space located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater meninges. It provides a cushion which protects the brain.