Anatomy-Exam 3

Front 1

"shoulder joint"

Back 1

scapulohumeral

Front 2

"elbow joint"

Back 2

cubital

Front 3

standard views of carpal radiographs

Back 3

1. lateral

2. DP

3. dorsomedial and dorsolateral obliques

4. flexed lateral

Front 4

3 joints in the carpus

Back 4

1. antebrachiocarpal

2. middle carpal

3. carpometacarpal

Front 5

what distinguishes a DMO view of carpus?

DLO view?

Back 5

DMO: broadside of accessory carpal bone

DLO: cupped hand of accessory carpal bone & 4 of C4 & MC4

Front 6

on a flexed lateral view of the carpus, is carpal bone 3 or 4 higher?

Back 6

4th is higher

Front 7

what is a common place in the carpus for race horses to get chip fractures?

Back 7

distal dorsal edge of radial carpal bone

Front 8

where is a common place in the carpus for race horses to get slab fractures?

Back 8

3rd carpal bone

Front 9

standard views of fetlock radiographs

Back 9

1. lateral

2. DP

3. dorsomedial & dorsolateral obliques

4. flexed lateral

Front 10

standard views of foot radiographs

Back 10

1. lateral

2. DP

3. 65* dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique

4. magnified view of above to close in on navicular bone

5. palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique (navicular skyline view)

Front 11

"highest midline region of thoracic vertebral dorsal spinous processes, directly above scapula"

Back 11

withers

Front 12

"region over scapular, including shoulder joint"

Back 12

shoulder

Front 13

"region btwn shoulder and elbow joints"

Back 13

brachium (arm)

Front 14

"region btwn elbow and carpal joints"

Back 14

antebrachium (forearm)

Front 15

what form the structures of the manus?

Back 15

carpus, metacarpus, pastern & foot

Front 16

what structures form the digits?

Back 16

pastern and "foot"

Front 17

what is the "knee" joint in the forelimb?

Back 17

carpal joint

Front 18

what is a carpal organ and who has one?

Back 18

- caudomedial surface of antebracium/carpus

- row of duct openings associated with apocrine glands producing secretion for marking and sexual stimulation

*pig

Front 19

what strange thing do sheep have on their feet?

Back 19

interdigital sinus

- sebaceous and aprocrine glands

- scent marking

Front 20

"muscular attachment of thoracic limb to the body wall"

Back 20

synsarcosis

Front 21

what is an extra pectoral muscle that is well developed in the horse and pig?

Back 21

subclavius m

Front 22

advantages and disadvantages of superficial pectorals for IM injections

Back 22

+: ease of drainage of any injection site abcess

- : smaller muscle volume to inject into

Front 23

what is different about the horse/pig scapula?

Back 23

no acromion

*they do have a prominent spinous tuberosity on the scapular spine

Front 24

describe the horse humerus differences

Back 24

- greater tubercle has cranial and caudal projections

- prominent intermediate tubercle divides the intertubercular groove btwn the greater and lesser tubercles

Front 25

what is the bursa located in the equine shoulder?

where exactly is it located?

Back 25

*infraspinatus bursa

- under tendon of insertion of infraspinatus m. passing over caudal part of greater tubercle

Front 26

describe biceps brachii m in horse

Back 26

- arises from supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

- passes through intertubercular groove

- terminates by 2 tendons

- bicipital (intertubercular groove) bursa

Front 27

does the bicipital bursa commnicate with the shoulder joint?

Back 27

nope

Front 28

what is shoulder sween(e)y?

Back 28

injury of the suprascapular n and subsequent atrophy of supraspinatus & infraspinatus mm

- lateral shoulder instability & marked gait deficit

Front 29

describe the termination tendons of the biceps brachii in equine

Back 29

short: to radial tuberosity

long: lacertus fibrosus

- joins extensor carpi radialis m and functionally inserts on dorsal proximal metacarpus

- involved in thoracic limb stay apparatus

Front 30

what is different about the triceps brachii in the horse/pig?

Back 30

- no accessory head

- long head is only part to attach to scapula

- all heads insert on tuber olecrani

- extend elbow (long can also flex shoulder)

Front 31

what innervates the extensors of the elbow, capus & digits?

Back 31

radial n

Front 32

what causes dropped elbow?

Back 32

- radial nerve damage/paralysis

- fractures of the olecranon

- tricpes brachii myopathy

Front 33

where is the subtendinous bursa located?

Back 33

deep to the origin of ulnaris lateralis m from lateral epicondyle of humerus

Front 34

what is capped elbow? what else is it called?

Back 34

olecranon bursitis (inflammation of subcutaneous bursa of olecranon)

*shoe boil

Front 35

describe the subcutaneous bursa of the olecranon

Back 35

- inconstant

- develops secondary to repeated trauma to point of elbow egg causing bursa to develop and become inflammed

Front 36

does the subtendinous bursa communicate with the elbow joint?

Back 36

sometimes

*infection of bursa may extend into elbow

Front 37

where do pigs commonly get OCD?

Back 37

trochlea of humeral condyle

Front 38

describe ulna & radius relationships in each species

Back 38

pig: separate, complete ulna

ruminant: complete ulna w/some fusion

horse: incomplete ulna; body fused to radius; separate ossification center for lateral styloid process that fuses to radius

Front 39

what innervates the extensors of the carpus and digits?

Back 39

radial nerve

Front 40

which antebrachial muscles act as anti-hyperextensors?

Back 40

- lateral digital extensor

- ulnaris lateralis

Front 41

what tendon wraps obliquely, superficial to the ECR tendon?

Back 41

extensor carpi obliquus

(absucctor pollicis longus)

Front 42

what innervates the flexors of the carpus and digits?

Back 42

median and ulnar nn

Front 43

what is another name for the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor?

Back 43

proximal (superior or radial) check ligament

- arises from distal caudal radius

- role in stay apparatus

Front 44

what is another name for the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor?

Back 44

distal (inferior or carpal) check ligament

- arises from palmar distal carpus as continuation of palmar carpal ligament

Front 45

what is club foot?

how do you fix it?

Back 45

hyperflexion of the coffin joint

- transect AL-DDFT to facilitate elongation of the DDF muscle-tendon unit

Front 46

how do you treat hyperflexion of the fetlock and pastern joints?

Back 46

transect the AL-SDFT to facilitate elongation of SDF muscle-tendon unit

Front 47

which joints in the carpus communicate with each other?

Back 47

middle carpal & carpometacarpal

Front 48

what binds down the extensor tendons on the carpus?

Back 48

extensor retinaculum of carpus

Front 49

what is enveloped by the carpal sheath?

Back 49

SDFT, DDFR and medial palmar a & n

Front 50

what forms the carpal canal?

Back 50

dorsal: palmar carpal ligament

lateral: accessory carpal bone

palmaromedial: flexor retinaculum of carpus

Front 51

what is capped knee?

what is another name for it?

Back 51

- swelling associated with an acquired subcutaneous bursal

- usually develops after repetitive trauma to dorsal carpus

- seen in ruminants house on hard floors

*carpal hygroma

Front 52

how can you distinguish between synovial structures in the carpus when they are injured?

Back 52

ultrasound and/or contrast radiography

Front 53

describe dorsal approach to joint injections in carpus

Back 53

- pick up limb and flex carpus to open up spaces

> carpometacarpal joint does NOT open

- insert needle into antebrachipcarpal or middle carpal joints between palpable extensor tendons

- middle & carpometacarpal communicate

Front 54

which tendons are present on the dorsal aspect of the equine metacarpus?

Back 54

- common digital extensor tendon

- lateral digital extensor tendon

Front 55

which tendons are present on the palmar aspect of the equine metacarpus?

Back 55

- SDFT

- DDFT

- suspensory ligament

- distal check ligament

Front 56

what are splints?

Back 56

- pain and swelling due to injury of dorsal metacarpal ligament

- more often on medial side btwn MC2 & MC3

- periosteal reaction leads to bony callus

- mostly cosmetic

- sometimes can cause pain/lameness

Front 57

what is bowed tendon?

Back 57

swelling of a digital flexor tendon following an injury and inflammation

- creates a curved contour to palmar aspect of metacarpus

- common in performance horses

Front 58

which ligaments bind the flexor tendons against the palmar fetlock and pastern?

Back 58

1. palmar annular ligament (at fetlock)

2. proximal digital annular ligament (proximal pastern)

3. distal digital annular ligament (distal pastern)

Front 59

where do the branches of the suspensory ligament attach?

Back 59

- abaxial surface of proximal sesamoids

- extensor branches pass dorsally to indert into the CDE

Front 60

what do you call the complete sleeve formed by the SDFT around the DDFT as it passes the fetlock?

Back 60

manica flexoria

Front 61

what ligaments distally anchor the proximal sesamoid bones to the digits and counteract pull from suspensory ligament?

Back 61

1. superficial/straight (Y) sesamoidean lig (Pm)

2. middle/oblique (V) sesamoidean lig (Pp)

3. deep/cruiciate (X) sesamoidean lig (Pp)

Front 62

3 parts of the distal fibro-osseous sling of suspensory apparatus

Back 62

1. sesamoidean ligaments

2. proximal sesamoid bones

3. suspensory ligament

Front 63

4 ligaments that hold the sesamoid bones in place

Back 63

1. collateral sesamoidean ligaments

- attach to MC3 & Pp

2. Palmar (inter)sesamoidean ligament

- connects proximal sesamoids together

3. collateral (suspensory) lig of navicular bone

- attaches navicular bone to Pp

4. distal navicular (impar) ligament

- attaches navicular bone to Pd

Front 64

where would you place a needle into the fetlock joint?

Back 64

- dorsal or palmar pouch

Front 65

which is the hardest joint to get into in the distal limb?

Back 65

proximal interphalangeal joint sac

Front 66

which joint is frequently accessed for lameness work up or treatment?

Back 66

distal interphalangeal joint

Front 67

what is in the digital flexor tendon sheath and where is it located?

Back 67

- SDFT & DDFT

- distal metacarpus to distal pastern

Front 68

what are windpuffs or windgalls?

Back 68

effusion of the digital flexor tendon sheath

- common in performance horses

Front 69

which bursa is located between the DDFT and navicular bone?

Back 69

navicular (podotrochlear) bursa

Front 70

name 3 synovial structures located in the distal limb that are very closely related but do NOT communicate with each other

Back 70

1. coffin joint

2. pastern joint

3. navicular bursa

Front 71

what is in the navicular (podotrochlear) apparatus?

Back 71

- navicular bone

- navicular bursa

- collateral lig of navicular bone

- distal navicular lig

- DDFT

Front 72

what is navicular syndrome?

Back 72

disease of navicular apparatus

- common cause of TL lamness

- can diagnose with MRI

Front 73

describe the SDF in artiodactyls

Back 73

- 2 muscular bellies

- 2 tendons unite mid-metacarpus

- deep tendon passes through carpal canal with DDFT

- superficial tendon passes external to carpal canal in flexor retinaculum

Front 74

what binds the axial sides of the digits together in artiodactyls?

Back 74

proximal and distal interdigital ligaments

*leave proximal in tact when amputating toe

Front 75

main channel blood supply with name change locations

Back 75

1. axillary a (after superficial cervical)

2. brachial a (after subscapular)

3. median a (after common interosseous)

Front 76

main channel blood supply in equine after median a

Back 76

1. at carpus median a divides into medial & lateral palmar aa (median is main channel)

2. medial palmar a divides into medial & lateral aa at fetlock (main channel to digits)

Front 77

what arteries do you feel for digital pulses in equine?

Back 77

medial & lateral digital aa as they pass over abaxial proximal sesamoids

Front 78

main channel blood in ox after median a

Back 78

1. median a continues as palmar common digital a 3

2. divides into axial palmar proper digital aa 3 & 4 to supply digits

Front 79

where do the cephalic & accessory cephalic veins converge in ox vs. horse?

Back 79

ox: distally

horse: proximally

Front 80

what vein do you use for regional perfusion in ox?

Back 80

lateral (palmar) digital vein

Front 81

how do you get into coffin joint?

Back 81

- insert needle dorsally

- off midline

- about 1 cm above coronet

- directed perpendicularly to ground

Front 82

3 ways to get into the fetlock joint

Back 82

1. dorsal pouch: insert horizontally deep to CDE & LDE tendons

2. palmar pouch: insert into groove distal to splint bone button & btwn palmar MC3 & SL branch

3. palmar pouch: insert through collateral sesamoidean lig w/fetlock flexed off ground

Front 83

what is the equine "foot?"

Back 83

epidermal hoof and all structures contained therein

Front 84

_______________ is the insensitive tissue of the foot while _____________ is the sensitive tissue

Back 84

epidermis

dermis or corium

Front 85

T/F - the dermis produces the epidermis

Back 85

false - it provides nourishment

Front 86

what produces epidermis?

Back 86

deep epidermal layers known as stratum germinativum or germinal epithelium

Front 87

3 regions of outer hoof wall

Back 87

toe, quarter, heel

Front 88

palmar/plantar portions of hoof wall

Back 88

heel bulbs

Front 89

5 parts of the frog

Back 89

apex, crura, central groove, collateral groove, spine

Front 90

5 parts of corium

Back 90

1. periploic

2. coronary

3. laminar

4. sole

5. frog

Front 91

3 major layers to the hoof wall (list)

Back 91

1. stratum externum

2. stratum medium

3. stratum internum

Front 92

describe stratum externum

Back 92

- produced by GE covering periploic corium

- forms external, waxy outer layer of wall

Front 93

describe stratum medium

Back 93

- thickest layer produced by GE covering coronary corium

- deeper part is non-pigmented

Front 94

describe stratum internum

Back 94

- rows of parallel, vertically-oriented non-pigmented epidermal laminae

- produced by GE at coronary corium

Front 95

how many primary laminae interdigitate?

Back 95

600

Front 96

how many secondary laminae form microsscopic interdigitation?

Back 96

100,000

Front 97

laminar corium is fused to.....

Back 97

surface of Pd

Front 98

how are gaps once occupied by dermal laminae filled in between continuing epidermal laminae?

Back 98

GE covering terminal papillae at distal end of dermal lamine produce intertubular horn to fill gaps

Front 99

define white zone

Back 99

non-pigmented inner stratum medium + non-pigmented stratum internum + pigmented intertubular horn produced by terminal papillae

Front 100

define white line

Back 100

non-pigmented inner stratum medium

Front 101

characteristics of the sole

Back 101

- 33% water

- formed by GE covering sole corium

- concave: does not normally touch ground

Front 102

characteristics of the frog

Back 102

- 45% water

- formed by GE covering frog corium

- some weight bearing function

> shock absorption & foot pump

Front 103

what is "side bone"

Back 103

ossified collateral cartilage

Front 104

what are collateral cartilages?

Back 104

- medial & lateral extensions of cartilage from palmar processes of Pd

- proximal borders are free

- subcutaneously palpable in distal pastern region

- may ossify due to imbalances in foot conformation or with age

Front 105

5 components of foot pump & shock absorber

Back 105

1. palmar & coronary venous plexuses

2. collateral cartilages of foot

3. frog & spine of frog

4. digital cushion

5. heels of foot

Front 106

how much does hoof wall grow each month?

how long to grow a complete hoof?

Back 106

8 mm per month

9-12 months

Front 107

3 things that can affect hoof growth

Back 107

genetics, envmt, nutrition

Front 108

how often is typical for hoof trimming?

Back 108

every 4-8 weeks

*depending on wear rate of hoof wall and use of horse

Front 109

differences in ariodactyl hooves

Back 109

- no frog or bars

- perioplic & coronary corium/grooves wider

- 1200 primary laminae; no secondary

- heel bulb extends to ground with digital cushion that forms digital pad - weight bearing

Front 110

what is founder?

Back 110

inflammation of sensitive laminae; usually structural failure of laminar bond occurs

Front 111

describe progression of founder

Back 111

- Pd separates from hoof wall & rotates palmarly due to pull of DDFT

- if severe failure of bond, entire bony column of limb sinks directly towards ground

Front 112

clinical signs of founder

Back 112

- reluctance to walk

- elevated HR, RR

- characteristic stance

- throbbing digital pulses

Front 113

what supplies innervation to the flexors of the carpus and digits?

Back 113

median and ulnar nn

Front 114

the median n divides in the distal antebrachium into....

Back 114

medial and lateral palmar nn

Front 115

at the fetlock, the median palmar n becomes the.....

Back 115

medial palmar digital n

Front 116

describe palmar digital n block

Back 116

- medial/lateral palmar digital nn

- desensitizes caudal foot structures & sole

- needle inserted distally just above collateral cartilages of foot

Front 117

describe abaxial sesamoid block

Back 117

- medial/lateral palmar digital nn

- desensitizes pastern & all of foot

- blocked at abaxial sesamoid level

Front 118

describe low palmar (4 point) block

Back 118

- medial/lateral palmar nn & medial/lateral palmar metacarpal nn

- desensitizes distal metacarpus, fetlock, digit

- blocked at distal metacarpus in groove btwn suspensory lig & flexor tendons; distal to buttons of splint bones

Front 119

describe wheat block

Back 119

- lateral palmar n

- blocked at distal border of Ca

- desensitizes suspensory ligament

Front 120

in thoracic limb stay apparatus, body weight is transferred to TL via.....

Back 120

serratus ventralis attachment at serrated face of scapula

Front 121

in thoracic limb stay apparatus, what prevents shoulder collapse?

Back 121

biceps brachii and via lacerus fibrosus into ECR preventing carpal flexion

Front 122

thoracic limb stay apparatus, what resists carpal flexion?

Back 122

flexor tendons & their check ligaments pulled tightly across palmar carpus

Front 123

thoracic limb stay apparatus, what provides support to fetlock?

Back 123

fibro-osseous sling of suspensory lig, proimal sesamoids and distal sesamoidean ligaments

Front 124

thoracic limb stay apparatus, what resists elbow flexion?

Back 124

- attachments of digital & carpal flexors to medial humeral epicondyle

- collateral ligaments of elbow located caudal to center of rotation

Front 125

what extra bone does the pig skull have and what attaches there for what reason?

Back 125

- os rostri

- levator labii superioris muscle

- supports rooting behavior

Front 126

T/F - ruminants do not have maxillary incisors

Back 126

true

Front 127

what is the "poll?"

Back 127

the nuchal crest on a horse

*can be fractured when horse falls over backwards

Front 128

describe facial crest in horse vs. ruminant

Back 128

horse: very prominent facial crest

rum: facial tuberosity

Front 129

what is a thin-walled extension of the maxillary sinus into the space of the orbit in the ox?

Back 129

lacrimal bulla

*care not to penetrate when enucleating eye

Front 130

"horse laugh muscle"

Back 130

levator labii superioris m.

Front 131

2 facial muscles and what they can be used for

Back 131

levator labii superioris & levator nasolabialis

- used as muscle flap to close orosinus fistulas

Front 132

where is the palpebral n blocked to stop blinking? (what muscle)

Back 132

as it crosses the zygomatic arch

obicularis oculi m.

Front 133

the ___________ nerve supplies motor supply to the face and the _____________ nerve supplies sensory function to the face

Back 133

facial nerve

trigeminal n

Front 134

what nerve is blocked for dehorning? where?

Back 134

cornual nerve as it crosses temporal line

Front 135

describe visual signs of facial nerve paralysis

Back 135

upper lip drawn to normal side

lower lip droops to effected side

Front 136

what artery can be damaged during dental extractions?

Back 136

major palatine artery

Front 137

2 areas to detect pulse in horse head

Back 137

1. facial a as it crosses ventral mandible

2. transverse facial a ventral to facial crest

Front 138

T/F - goats do not have a facial a.

Back 138

true (nor do sheep)

Front 139

what is blood supply intracranially in ox?

Back 139

internal carotid persists and is supplied by epidural rete mirabile

Front 140

3 large veins deep in masseter in horse

Back 140

1. transverse facial v

2. deep facial v

3. buccal v

Front 141

where can you get a small blood sample for PCV/TS?

Back 141

transverse facial vein

Front 142

which lymph nodes increase in strangles?

Back 142

medial and lateral retropharyngeal - compress pharynx

Front 143

what is "cheesy gland"

Back 143

caseous lymphandenitis in sheep/goats - enlargement and abscessation of head lymph nodes

Front 144

describe drainage of conchofrontal sinus

Back 144

- frontomaxillary opening

- caudal maxillary sinus

- masomaxillary (sinonasal) opening

- nasal cavity

Front 145

describe drainage of sphenopalatine sinus

Back 145

- caudal maxillary sinus

- nasomaxillary (sinonasal) opening

- nasal cavity

Front 146

describe drainage of ventral conchal sinus

Back 146

- rostral maxillary sinus

- nasomaxillary opening

- nasal cavity

Front 147

describe conchofrontal trephination

Back 147

- on line drawn btwn medial canthi of eyes, halfway btwn midline & medial canthus

Front 148

describe caudal maxillary sinus trephination

Back 148

2 cm rostral to rim of orbit, 2 cm ventral to line from medial canthus to infraorbital foramen (to avoid nasolacrimal duct)

Front 149

continuous hairless portion of raostral nose and upper lip in ox and pig

Back 149

planum nasolabial

Front 150

initial "reception space" at rostral nasal cavity

Back 150

nasal vestibule

Front 151

"false nostril" of horse; dorsolateral blind pouch of rostral nasal cavity

Back 151

nasal diverticulum

Front 152

divides nasal cavity into left and right passageways

Back 152

nasal septum

Front 153

transition from nasal cavity to nasopharynx

Back 153

nasal choanae

Front 154

function of guttural pouches

Back 154

cool blood going to brain and regulate intracranial blood pressure

Front 155

left and right guttural pouches are separated on mindline by a ___________ and the ___________ muscle and the ____________ muscle

Back 155

median septum

longus capitis

rectus capitis ventralis

Front 156

what separates the medial and lateral guttural pouches?

Back 156

stylohyoid bone

Front 157

list the things associated with walls of guttural pouch (6)

Back 157

- CN's IX, I, XI, XII

- sympathetic trunk & cranial cervical ganglion

- internal carotid a

- external carotid a

- maxillary a

- retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Front 158

2 causes of severe, acute epistaxis

Back 158

1. compromised artery

- fungal infection

2. torn muscles

- horse flips over backwards and hits pole

Front 159

what does a left sinus oblique view of the head highlight?

Back 159

- left sinuses & apices of left maxillary teeth

- right mandible & apices of right mandibular teeth

Front 160

eruption time of temporary incisors

Back 160

1st: birth or first week

2nd: 4-6 weeks

3rd: 6-9 months

Front 161

eruption & wear time of permanent incisors

Back 161

1st: 2.5 years - wear @ 3 years

2nd: 3.5 years - wear @ 4 years

3rd: 4.5 years - wear @ 5 years

Front 162

eruption time of canine teeth

Back 162

4-5 years

Front 163

eruption time of PM2-4 temporary

Back 163

birth or first 2 weeks for all

Front 164

eruption time of premolars

Back 164

PM1: 5-6 months

PM2: 2.5 years

PM3: 3 years

PM4: 4 years

Front 165

eruption time of molars

Back 165

M1: 9-12 months

M2: 2 years

M3: 3.5-4 years

Front 166

at what age does a horse have a fully matured mouth?

Back 166

5 years

Front 167

describe wearing of teeth

Back 167

- infundibula are worn around 6,7,8 years from I1 to I3

- dental star becomes more rounded and in central location

Front 168

what is the groove way of aging horses that Dr. Gerard doesn't like?

Back 168

galvayne's groove

maxillary I3

- appears at 10 years & halfway at 15 years

- all the way by 20 yrs & halfway gone at 25 yrs

- gone by 30 yrs

Front 169

how do you age ruminants?

Back 169

via incisors:

2 teeth = 1 year

4 teeth = 2 years

6 teeth = 3 years

8 teeth = 4 years

Front 170

oral cavity = _____________ + _________________

Back 170

oral cavity proper + vestibule

Front 171

caudal border of the oral cavity proper

Back 171

palatoglossal arches

Front 172

where does parotid salivary gland duct discharge?

Back 172

into vestibule - adjacent maxillary PM4-M2 region

Front 173

2 parts of the ox tongue that are different

Back 173

torus linguae

fossa linguae

Front 174

muscles of mastication

Back 174

close: temporalis, masseter & pterygoideus

open: digastricus & occipitomandibularis

Front 175

what innervates the muscles of mastication?

Back 175

trigeminal nerve

Front 176

"aggregates of lymphoid tissue"

Back 176

tonsils

Front 177

in ruminants, the palatine tonsil resides in a _________

Back 177

tonsillar fossa

Front 178

2 types of tonsils

Back 178

- palatine (not on tongue)

- lingual (on tongue)

Front 179

what kind of tonsils does a pig have?

Back 179

tonsils of the soft palate

*collected at necropsy for classical swine fever surveillance

Front 180

where does manidbular salivary gland drain to?

Back 180

sublingual caruncle

Front 181

where does the monostomatic sublingual salivary gland drain to? who has one?

Back 181

sublingual caruncle

ruminant

Front 182

what extra salivary gland do herbivores have?

Back 182

buccal salivary glands

Front 183

equine deciduous dental formula

Back 183

[I 3/3; C 0/0; PM 3/3; M 0/0] X 2 = 24

Front 184

equine permanent dental formula

Back 184

[I 3/3; C (1/1); PM 3(4)/3(4); M3/3] x 2 = 36-44

*canines vestigal in females typically

* wolf teeth variably preset

Front 185

what are wolf teeth?

Back 185

PM1

- variably present in maxilla

- rare in mandible

- often extracted

Front 186

4 parts of the tooth

Back 186

1. enamel

2. dentine

3. cementum

4. dental/pulp cavity

Front 187

equine incisors & maxillary cheek teeth have ____________ filled by cementum, located centrally in the tooth

Back 187

infundibulum

Front 188

3 things surrounding teeth that support them

Back 188

1. alveolus

2. periodontal ligament

3. gingiva

Front 189

"long (high) crowned teeth, short roots that continuously erupt until tooth expires"

Back 189

hypsodont

Front 190

"short crowned teeth, long roots, grow to a certain length and then stop"

Back 190

brachydont

Front 191

tooth surface: grinding hard surface of opposing upper and lower teeth

Back 191

occlusal

Front 192

tooth surface: towards hard palate (maxillary arcade)

Back 192

palatal

Front 193

tooth surface: towards tongue (mandibular arcade)

Back 193

lingual

Front 194

tooth surface: towards vestibule

Back 194

buccal, labial or vestibular

Front 195

"different width btwn jaws"

Back 195

anisognathous

Front 196

what part of teeth get floated?

Back 196

- maxillary buccal edges

- mandibular lingual edge

*cheek teeth

Front 197

2 equine dental blocks

Back 197

1. maxillary n - all teeth in upper arcade on side blocked

2. inferior alveolar n - all teeth in lower arcade on side blocked

Front 198

ruminant permanent teeth formula

Back 198

[I 0/4; C 0/0; PM 3/3; M 3/3] x 2 = 32

*incisor 4 is modified canine

* no maxillary incisors

Front 199

pig permanent dental formula

Back 199

[I 3/3; C 1/1; PM 4/4; M 3/3] x 2 = 44

*canine teeth = tusks = elodont

- grow & erupt throughout life in boar

- stop growing in sow after a few years

Front 200

boundaries of the nasopharynx

Back 200

choanae to palatopharyngeal arches

Front 201

who has a pharyngeal recess?

Back 201

horse

Front 202

boundaries of oropharynx

Back 202

palatoglossal arches to base of epiglottis

Front 203

boundaries of laryngopharynx

Back 203

palatopharyngeal arches/base of epiglottis to beginning of esophagus

Front 204

in the horse, what forms the tight seal around the rostral larynx? what is it composed of?

Back 204

intrapharyngeal ostium = palatopharyngeal arches + caudal border of soft palate

Front 205

in ruminants & pigs, what partially divides the nasopharynx on midline?

Back 205

pharyngeal septum

Front 206

in a pig, what is the dorsal pouch of the laryngopharynx?

Back 206

pharyngeal diverticulum

Front 207

describe pathway of placing a nasogastric tube in a horse

Back 207

1. nostril
2. ventral nasal meatus
3. nasopharynx
4. laryngopharynx
5. esophagus
6. stomach

Front 208

describe pathway of a naso-oxygen tube in a horse

Back 208

1. nostril
2. ventral nasal meatus
3. nasopharynx
4. larynx
5. trachea

Front 209

6 parts of the hyoid apparatus

Back 209

1. stylohyoid
2. epihyoid
3. ceratohyoid
4. basihyoid
5. lingual process
6. thyrohyoid

Front 210

what divides the guttural pouch into lateral and medial compartments?

Back 210

stylohyoid

Front 211

if the articulation of stylohyoid bone to temporal bone becomes diseased, what cranial nerves are affected?

Back 211

VII & VIII

Front 212

why would you remove the ceratohyoid?

Back 212

treat temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

Front 213

the lingual process projects where?

Back 213

into the root of the tongue from the basihyoid

Front 214

4 parts of the larynx

Back 214

1. epiglottis
2. arytenoid (corniculate, vocal & muscular)
3. thyroid cartilage
4. circoid cartilage

Front 215

"entrance to the larynx, defined by epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds and arytenoid cartilages"

Back 215

aditus laryngis

Front 216

"aryteniod cartilages, vocal folds and rimma glottidis"

Back 216

glottis

Front 217

"glottic cleft; narrowest part of larynx"

Back 217

rima glottidis

Front 218

"diverticulum of mucosal in lateral walls of larynx"

describe it per species

Back 218

laryngeal ventricle

- present in horse & pig, not ox
- bound by vestibular & vocal folds in horse
- entrance in slit of vocal folds in pig

Front 219

ligament that fills space between cricoid and thyroid cartilages

what surgery is performed here?

Back 219

cricothyroid ligament

laryngotomy

Front 220

what muscle abducts the arytenoids and what is it innervated by?

Back 220

CAD m

caudal laryngeal n

Front 221

what is the "other" muscle of the larynx and its innervation?

Back 221

cricothyroideus m

cranial laryngeal n

Front 222

"dysfunction of nerve resulting in paralysis of CAD m and inability to abduct arytenoid on affected side"

Back 222

recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN)

laryngeal hemiplegia (LHP)

Front 223

what does the pig have in their eye that is different?

Back 223

deep gland of the 3rd eyelid

Front 224

describe pathway of tear drainage

Back 224

- mostly lacrimal gland & superficial gland of 3rd eyelid
- lacrimal puncta
- lacrimal canaliculi
- lacrimal sac
- nasolacrimal duct
- nasal opening of nasolacrimal duct
- nasal vestibule

Front 225

what are the normal growths projecting from dorsal edge of iris of horse? who has them?

Back 225

iridic granules (corpora nigra)

mostly horses; in ruminants; not pigs

Front 226

"overflowing of tears"

Back 226

epiphora

Front 227

3 tunics of the eye

Back 227

1. fibrous
- cornea; sclera
2. vascular
- uvea: choroid, ciliary body, iris
3. nervous
- retina

Front 228

common cause of blindness in horses

Back 228

equine recurrent uveitis (ERU)

Front 229

flow of aqueous humor

Back 229

- produced by epithelium of ciliary body
- flows from posterior chamber
- through pupil
- into anterior chamber
- drains at iridocorneal angle

Front 230

"increased occular pressure"

Back 230

glaucoma

Front 231

what can you see in a fundic exam?

Back 231

- choroid
- retina
- optic disk
- retinal vessels