Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Define Skeletal System
|
The organ system consisting of bones and related cartilages, as well as joints.
|
bones and cartilage
|
|
Define Osteology
|
The study of bones.
|
bones
|
|
Define Arthrology
|
The study of joints (articulations).
|
joints
|
|
Functions of skeletal system:
|
support
movement protection blood cell formation storage |
|
|
Functions of skeletal system:
How does the skeletal system offer support? |
Bones give form to the body and serve to support soft tissues.
|
form
|
|
Functions of skeletal system:
How does the skeletal system offer movement? |
Bones serve as levers, and joints acts as fulcra, thus permitting motion.
|
levers and fulcra
|
|
Functions of skeletal system:
How does the skeletal system offer protection? |
Bones form protecting structures for vital organs (the cranium for the brain, the rib cage for the heart and lungs; the vertebral column for the spinal cord; and the pelvis for the bladder and uterus)
|
organs
|
|
Functions of skeletal system:
How does the skeletal system help with blood cell formation? |
There is red marrow in the humerus, femur, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and skull that have hemopoietic tissues and produce red blood cells.
|
red marrow
|
|
Functions of skeletal system:
How does the skeletal system offer storage? |
Bones are composed of calcium and phosphates and, through endocrine action, store or release materials (hormones to remove as needed).
|
endocrine
|
|
Classification of bones based on shape:
flat bones |
bones of the skull, ribs, and sternum
|
|
|
Classification of bones based on shape:
long bones |
bones of the limbs (femur and humerous)
knobby ends and shaft 2 epiphysis and 1 diaphysis |
|
|
Classification of bones based on shape:
short bones |
bones are of equal length and width
bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsals) |
|
|
Classification of bones based on shape:
irregular bones |
bones of varied shapes (bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, vertebrae)
|
|
|
Classification of bones based on shape:
sesamoid bones |
bones developing in tendons (patella)
|
|
|
Classification of bones based on structures:
cancellous bones (spongy bone) |
a spongy, light, porous bone located centrally in the epiphysis of long bones and in flat bones
makes bones lighter |
|
|
Classification of bones based on structures:
compact bone |
-a dense, nonporous bone located peripherally in the diaphysis and epiphysis of long bones and in flat bones
- the bone is ivory-like in apperance -it provides protection and support and helps bones resist the stress of weight placed on them |
|
|
Bone cells:
osteoprogenitor cells derived from? mitotic potential? differeniate into? found in? |
-derived from mesenchyme (undifferentiated mesoderm)
-have mitotic potential -differentiate into osteoblasts -found in the periosteum, endosteum, and canals in bone |
|
|
Bone cells:
osteoblasts mitotic potential? produces? found in? |
-no mitotic potential
-produces bone -found in the periosteum and endosteum |
|
|
Bone cells:
osteocytes what kind of cells? mitotic potential? maintains? found in? |
-mature bone cells
-no mitotic potential -maintain bone (osteocytes revert to osteoblasts to repair bone) -found encased in bone (canaliculi contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes which connect to similar extentions of nearby via gap junctions) |
|
|
Bone cells:
osteoclasts what kind of cells? arise from? function in? found in? |
-bone degrading cells
-arise from monocytes -function in bone degradation (release acids and proteolytic enzymes) -found in the periosteum and endosteum (elvate calcium or phosphate in blood stream, active in remodeling bone, hormone increase) |
|
|
Define Marrow
|
defined as the connective tissue located within the center of a bone.
|
|
|
Define Yellow Marrow
|
a fat storing tissue located in the diaphysis of long bones
|
|
|
Define Red Marrow
located? associated with? |
a hemopoietic tissue which consists of blood cells, macrophages, and fat cells and is located in the proximal ends of the humerous and femur, in short and flat bones, and the bodies of vertebraie (sternum and innominate)
|
|
|
Bone Membranes:
Periosteum |
-tendon to periosteum to bone
-the membrane about the perimeter of a bone -tendons and ligaments, through their fibers, attach to the periosteum -in young individuals, the inner layer of the periosteum is osteogenic |
|
|
What are the two layers of the periosteum?
|
fibrous layer: an outer dense layer of fibrous connective tissue
osteogenic layer (bone making): an inner layer of elastic tissue, some of whose white fibers, perforiating fibers, connect with the bone (osteogentic layer). |
|
|
What are the functions of the periosteum?
|
*attaches tendon to bone
-provides a route for blood vessels and nerves to reach bone -partipates in growth and repair of bone |
|
|
Bone Membranes:
Endosteum |
-the membrane lining the marrow cavity and the spaces of cancellous bone
-the endosteum has hemopoietic and osteogenic potential |
|
|
Blood Supply to bones:
Periosteal Arteries |
-arteries which arise from a network of vessels on the outer layer of the periosteum, they penetrate the bone through Volkmann canals (perforating canals), and supply compact and cancellous bones
-the blood vessels in Haversian canals arises from a periosteal artery |
|
|
Blood Supply to bones:
Nutrient Arteries |
-arteries which enter the shaft of long bones through a nutrient foramen, pass through the marrow cavity, and supply compact and cancellous bone
|
|
|
Chemical Composition of bone
inorganic? |
-a bone is 2/3 inorganic matter, consisting of calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and calcium hydroxide
|
|
|
Chemical Composition of bone
organic? |
-a bone is 1/3, consisting of osteoblasts, fibroblasts, intercellular matrix, and collagen.
|
|
|
Chemical Composition of bone
Collagen? |
-Collagen provides tensile strength to resist streching and twisting, and minerals prevent the bone from being compressed.
|
|
|
Chemical Composition of bone
new bone? |
The matrix of bone is constantly broken down and replaced by a new matrix.
|
|
|
What is a simple fracture?
|
-closed fracture
-broken ends of bones do not penetrate skin |
|
|
What is a compound fracture?
|
-open fracture
-broken ends of bone do penetrate skin |
|
|
What is a comminuted fracture?
|
-bone is splintered into fragments at the break
|
|
|
What is a depressed fracture?
|
-broken bone is pushed inward
|
|
|
What is a impacted fracture?
|
-broken ends of bone are driven into eachother
|
|
|
What is a metastatic calcification?
|
-deposition of bone in tissue that normally do not calcify
-this occurs if blood calcium becomes too high due to an excess of PTH -PTH is a bone dissolving horomone |
|
|
What is a osteoporosis?
|
-where the rate of bone formation drops, while bone reabsorption is the same
-bone become fragile -as levels of sex horomones diminish, the bone growth decreases |
|
|
What is a osteomyelitis?
|
-an infection, by Staphylococcus aureus, of the periosteum, marrow cavity, and bone tissue
-bone tissue is destoyed |
|
|
What is a osteomalacia?
|
-an adult disorder characterized by excessive withdrawal of calcium from bone
|
|
|
What is a rickets?
|
-a child disorder characterized b the withdrawal of calcium from bones
|
|
|
What are the neoplasms of the skeletal system?
|
-osteosarcoma (bone)
-fibrosarcoma (fibrous tissue) -chondrosarcoma (cartilage) |
|