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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chest Pain
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result of pulmonary disease, intestinal, gall bladder, or musculoskeletal
ranges from serious to negligible |
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Rib Fractures
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rarely first rib
weakest portion of a rib is its anterior angle danger of pierced organ or burst vessel |
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Throacotomy and Bone Grafting
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surgical opening into thoracic wall
H-shaped cuts made through perichondrium and costal cartilage pieces of rib can be used in bone grafting, such as mandible reconstruction |
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Supernumerary Ribs
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extra ribs present, result from development and retention of costal processes
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Bony Xiphoid Process
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can be confused as tumor or stomach cancer in people over 40
fracture of body is usually comminuted (broken into pieces) common fracture point is sternal angle |
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Median Sternotomy
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Access to thoracic cavity, sternum is divided in median plane and retracted
sternal body is often used in bone marrow biopsies and marrow transplants |
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Sternal anomalies
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incomplete ossification can cause foramen
body of sternum usually shorter, thinner in females |
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Herpes Zoster Infection
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causes shingles
invades ganglion and produces sharp burning pain in dermatome affected |
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Thoracocentesis
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insertion of hypodermic needle through an intercostal space into pleural cavity to obtain or remove fluid
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anatomical position versus lying down
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thoracic viscera are shifted superiorly when lying down compared to anatomical position
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Use of Mediastinoscope
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surgeons use to conduct minor surgeries
small, lighted instrument is inserted at root of neck, superior to manubrium |
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Mediastinum Widening
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any structure can cause
often observed after car crash, from laceration to great vessels Malignant Lymphoma can cause massive enlargement of mediastinum |
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Erosion of ribs
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can be caused by aortic aneurysm, widening of aorta can erode corresponding T5-T8 vertebrate/ribs
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Auscultation of the lungs
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listening to lung sounds and percussion of lungs
always check root of neck for inferoposterior lung, apply stethoscope at T-10 of posterior thoracic wall |
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Lung Lobe Variations
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variation in the # of lung lobes due to missing or extra fissures
most common is azygous lobe, where azygous vein arches over right lung apex |
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Lung Flotation
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lungs from recently deceased will flow due to trapped air
if dont, then individual was still born or had a diseased lung |
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Pneumonia
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inflammation of the lungs, caused by virus, bacteria, chemicals
proceeds death |
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Lung Adhesions
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can result from pneumonia, can leak fluid into space outside of lung
lobes become sticky, adhere to each other and form scar tissue Pleural adhesions involve parietal pleura |
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Emphysema
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formation of SCAR TISSUE within lung in dead alveoli
scarring forms dead air spaces, which can join to become bigger leads to breathlessness due to loss of surface area for gas exchange progressive: moves from apex-inferior-middle lung |
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Particulate Matter
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can lead to emphysema
asbestos, cotton, sand, coal dust can block lungs and form lesions, forming tumors |
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Mucous membrane of lung
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most senstive area of bronchial tree, associated with cough reflex
coughing will continue until item passes carina |
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Asthma
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no hyaline cartilage below bronchi level
spasmogen release during asthma attach causes smooth muscle contraction constriction occurs during EXHALATION, not inhalation |
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Pulmonary Artery Obstruction
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a plug of the pulmonary artery causes acute respiratory distress due to decreases oxygenation of blood
can be caused by a thrombus (blood clot), fat globule, or air |
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Diaphragmatic Hernia
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congenital, viscera from abdomen enters thorax
usually b/t pleural cavity and peritoneal cavity |
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Apex of lung in neck
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lung can be injured through neck, can cause pneumothorax (air in pleural cavity)
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Pneumothorax/Hydrothorax/Hemothorax
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Pneumothorax: penetration of parietal pleura
Hydrothorax: significant amount of fluid in pleural cavity Hemothorax: blood enters pleural cavity |
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abnormal lung sounds
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inflammation can cause friction of lung (pleural rub), detectable by stethoscope
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Mucous membrane of lung
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most senstive area of bronchial tree, associated with cough reflex
coughing will continue until item passes carina |
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Asthma
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no hyaline cartilage below bronchi level
spasmogen release during asthma attach causes smooth muscle contraction constriction occurs during EXHALATION, not inhalation |
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Pulmonary Artery Obstruction
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a plug of the pulmonary artery causes acute respiratory distress due to decreases oxygenation of blood
can be caused by a thrombus (blood clot), fat globule, or air |
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Diaphragmatic Hernia
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congenital, viscera from abdomen enters thorax
usually b/t pleural cavity and peritoneal cavity |
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Apex of lung in neck
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lung can be injured through neck, can cause pneumothorax (air in pleural cavity)
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Pneumothorax/Hydrothorax/Hemothorax
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Pneumothorax: penetration of parietal pleura
Hydrothorax: significant amount of fluid in pleural cavity Hemothorax: blood enters pleural cavity |
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abnormal lung sounds
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inflammation can cause friction of lung (pleural rub), detectable by stethoscope
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Heart Valve Sounds
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blood carries sound in the direction it flows, so each asculation area is situated superficial and in a direct line with the valve orifice
Mitral: 5th left intercostal space Tricuspid: 4th left IC space Secondary Pulmonic: 3rd left IC Pulmonic: Left upper sternal border Aortic: Right upper sternal border |
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Pericardial sinuses
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Transverse: b/t aortic arch and pulmonary trunk, important to heart surgeons for ability to clamp these vessels
Oblique: b/t pulmonar veins, blind-end |
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Referred pain: Cardiac
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stimuli resulting in the heart are felt as pain arising from other superficial area, such as skin of left arm
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Referred Pain: Anginal
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felt as radiating pain left pectoral region and shoulder
felt there due to overlap of nerves innervating there (medial cutaneous and intercostalbrachial) |
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Arteriosclerosis
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hardening of coronary artery
no symptoms until 95% blockage, can be from endothelial scarring or plaque formation |
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Bypassing blocks arteries
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Coronary Bypass Grafting: double-quintuple, not repeated due to weakened arteries
Angioplasty: small catheter w/ balloon inserted into artery to remove plaque |
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Aneurysm
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Straight: creates a weak wall due to turbulence in artery, causing ballooning
Dissecting: wall splits, can occur along entire vessel |
