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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What cells make up the mucosal layer of the stomach?
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chief and parietal cells
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FUNCTION chief cells
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synthesize and secrete cartolytic enzymes that are capable of digesting proteins into amino acids
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FUNCTION parietal cells
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synthesize and release hydrochloric acid
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How does the stomach prevent the HCl from digesting itself?
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the mucosal tissue forms ridges called Rugae
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What causes peptic ulcers?
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bacteria NOT HCl concentration
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What nervous system innervates the stomach?
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ANS
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What NN sympathetically innervate the stomach? Purpose?
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splachnic NN; slows down digestion (opposite from normal)
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What NN parasympathetically innervate the stomach? Purpose?
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vagus NN; speeds up digestion (fight or flight response)---opposite from normal
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What are the 2 main purposes of the pancreas?
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Endocrine and Exocrine
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Which of the main purposes of the pancreas is ductless? Why?
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Endocrine; because forms hormones (insulin) that travels through blood
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Which of the main purposes of the pancreas has ducts? Why?
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Exocrine; bc produces digestive enzymes that must enter duodenum
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Which of the 2 main purposes of the pancreas makes up 99% of its function?
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Exocrine
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What AA supply the body and tail of the pancreas?
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10 short AA off of Splenic A
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What AA supply the head of the pancreas?
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sup/inf pancreaticoduodenal AA
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What innervates the pancreas?
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splanchnic NN (sympathetic)
vagus NN (parasympathetic) |
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What controls the cortex of the adrenal gland?
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anterior pituitary
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What does the cortex of the adrenal gland produce?
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adrenocortical hormones (ie-cortisone)
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What controls the Adrenal Medulla?
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sympathetic nervous system
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What does the adrenal medulla produce?
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catecholamines (E and NE)
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What AA supply the Adrenal gland?
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superior adrenal aa, middle adrenal aa, inferior adrenal aa
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What do adrenal vv flow into on the R side of the body?
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IVC
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What do adrenal vv flow into on the L side of the body
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L Renal V---IVC
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What innervates the adrenal gland?
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adrenal cortex is NOT innervated bc controlled by ant. pituitary; adrenal medulla innervated by Splachnic NN (sympathetic)
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What are the major functions of the Liver?
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-biodegrades hemoglobin to produce bile and bilorubin
-erythropoesis -detox blood -store sugar as glycogen -fat, protein and carb metabolism -produces 1/2 to 1/4 of bodies lymphatic fluid |
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DEFINE erythropoesis
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production of red blood cells
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What cardiovascular system is the only system that has 2 capillary beds before going to the heart?
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portal venous system
-one in capillaries of GI tract -one in sinusoids of liver |
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What is the biliary tree?
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system of ducts that collects bile made in liver and either stores in gallbladder or enters into sm intestine.
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What are hepatocytes?
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cells that produce bile from hemoglobin
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What controls flow of bile from the common bile duct to the ampulla?
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choledochral sphincter
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What controls flow of digestive enzymes from main pancreatic duct to the ampulla?
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main pancreatic duct sphincter
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What controls the flow of bile/enzymes from the ampulla to the duodenum?
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sphincter of oddi
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Where is the fundus of the gall bladder found in the body?
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tip of 9th costal cartilage
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What are the functions of the gall bladder?
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stores and concentrates bile to be used in fat digestion
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How does bile aid in the digestion of fat?
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it emulsifies fat and therefore increases the surface area so enzymes can come in and break it down faster
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What does bile come from?
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the hemoglobin of old erythrocytes
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How does the gall bladder know when to contract and send bile to the duodenum?
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excessive fat in the duodenum causes a release of the hormone cholecystokinin that ends up in the blood going to the gall bladder. Cholecystokinin causes smooth m cells to contract and release bile.
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What are the functions of the spleen?
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-extract hemoglobin from erythrocytes
-contains arterial blood for an emergency back up to incr. blood volume when a lot is lost -function as lymph node (filter debris) -in children, called hemapoetic tissue that can produce both RBC and WBC |
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How long is the small intestine?
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21 ft
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What are the names of the 3 sections of the sm intestine and how long is each segment?
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duodenum--1ft
jejunum--8ft ileum--12ft |
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What is the function of the small intestine?
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-digest food (proteins, carbs, fats)
-absorb amino acids, simple sugars, and fatty acids |
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What are plicae circularis?
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circular folds of mucosal tissue most numerous in duodenum
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What are villi?
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finger-like projection off of circular folds. most numerous in duodenum
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What are lacteal?
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lymphatic capillaries within each villi that absorb fatty acids and takes them to thoracic duct
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What else is contained within the villi besides lacteals?
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CV capillaries (VV) that absorb amino acids and simple sugars
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What are pyrus patches?
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agregations of lymphatic tissue (lymph nodes) found only in the Ileum of sm intestine
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When was the Marine corp founded?
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10 November 1775
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How long is the first part of the duodenum?
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2"
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How long is the 2nd part of the duodenum?
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3"
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What is contained within the descending portion of the duodenum? what is its purpose?
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major duodenal papilla (aka sphincter of oddi) this is where bile and enzymes enter sm intestines
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How long is the 3rd part of the duodenum?
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4"
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How long is the 4th part of the duodenum?
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1"
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What suspends the duodenal/jejunal flexure?
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suspensory lig of duodenum
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What controls the flow of material from the ileum to the cecum?
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ileocecal valve
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How long is the large intestine?
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5"
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What are the functions of the large intestine?
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-reabsorb H2O for processing in kidneys
-reabsorb electrolytes (ie- K, Cl, Ca) -forms fecal matter |
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What is the only part of the colon that is NOT retroperitoneal?
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transverse colon
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What innervates the colon?
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splanchnic nn--sympathetically
vagus nn--parasympathetically |
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Where are the kidneys located in relation to the vertebral column?
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T11-L3
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What encompasses the kidneys and what is its purpose?
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renal capsule that is composed of perirenal fat that anchors kidneys to post ab wall and protects kidneys
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How does urine move through the ureters?
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parastolically
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How many nephrons are in a single kidney?
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1.5 million
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When a kidney transplant is done, where do they but the kidney?
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in the iliac fossa
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What makes up the posterior pelvic wall?
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sacrum, coccyx and piriformis m
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INSERTION obturator internus m
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greater trochanter
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INNERVATION obturator internus m
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N to obturator internus m (L5, S1, S2)
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FUNCTION obturator internus m, piriformis m, sup gemellus m, inf gemellus m, quadratus femoris m
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lateral rotation of thigh at hip
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What is the function of the pelvic floor?
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supports visceral structures in pelvis
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What 2 MM make up the pelvic diaphragm?
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levator ani m and coccygeus m
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What are the 3 supcomponents of the levator ani m?
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puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus mm
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What are other names for the puborectalis?
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levator prostatae (males)
sphincter vaginae (females |
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FUNCTION puborectalis
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forms muscular slings around rectum and recto-anal junction. some fibers go around urethra and sometimes vagina
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ORIGIN levator ani mm
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post surface of pubic bone
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INSERTION levator ani mm
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ischial spine
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INNERVATION levator ani mm
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pudendal n (ventral rami S1, S2, S4)
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ORIGIN coccygeus m
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ischial spine
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INSERTION coccygeus m
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sacrum and coccyx
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INNERVATION coccygeus m
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S4
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FUNCTION coccygeus m
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support pelvic structures and aids in flexing the coccyx
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What are all of the AA that branch off of the ext iliac a?
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inf epigastric a
deep circumflex a |
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What are all of the AA that branch off of the int iliac a?
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sup gluteal a
lateral sacral a iliolumbar a inf gluteal a internal pudendal a uterine a mid rectal a umbilical a inf vesical aa obturator a |
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What is the function of the urinary bladder?
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stores urine
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What innervates the urinary bladder?
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inf hypogastric nn
pelvic nn |
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DEFINE urethral crest
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elevated ridge of tissue (in prostate)
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DEFINE prostatic calliculus
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wide part of elevated portion (contains openings to l/r ejaculatory ducts)--in prostate
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DEFINE prostatic utricle
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flat, depressed are on crest
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what is the prostatic utricle analogous to in females?
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uterus or vagina
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FUNCTION prostate/prostatic ducts
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-produce/secrete an alkaline secretion (basic) that functions to neutralize the acidic environment of vagina to enhance fertilization
-produces fluid for sperm to swim in -produces fructose and glucose (food for sperm) |
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What are the structures that produce semen?
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seminal vesicles
bulbourethral glands testicles prostate gland |
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INNERVATION prostate gland
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inf hypogastric nn---sympathetically
pelvic nn--parasympathetically |
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What AA supply the prostate?
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inf vesicle aa
middle rectal aa |
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What does the ductus deferens join to form the ejaculatory duct?
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duct of seminal vesicles
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what are seminal vesicles?
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coiled, dilated glandular tubes (~15cm)
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Where do the bulbourethral glands open into the urethra?
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in spongy urethra
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What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall?
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perimetrium
myometrium endometrium |
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What are the 2 posterior ligaments of the uterus?
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cardinal and uterosacral
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What is the function of the 2 posterior ligaments of the uterus?
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keep uterus from prolapsing into vagina
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What are the limits of the vaginal canal?
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cervix and hymen
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What AA supply the vagina?
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uterine aa
vaginal aa middle rectal aa internal pudendal aa |
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What NN innervate the vagina sympathetically and parasympathetically?
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S: hypogastric plexus
P: pelvic nn |
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What N provides sensory innervation to the vagina?
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pudendal n
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What are the 3 parts of the Uterine Tube?
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isthmus--ampulla--infundibulum (w/ fimbria)
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What is the name of the only part of the uterine tub that is attached to the ovaries?
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fimbria ovarica
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What are the 2 major NN that branch off of the Pudendal N?
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dorsal n of penis/clitoris
perineal n |
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Name the 5 layers of the Urogenital Triangle from deep to superficial
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Layer 1--pelvic diaphragm
layer 2--urogenital diaphragm layer 3--superficial perineal pouch layer 4--subcutaneous tissue layer 5--integument (skin) |
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What are the 3 layers of the urogenital diaphragm (deep to superficial)?
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1--thin layer of fascia
2--sphincter urethrae m, deep transverse perineal m 3--perineal membrane |
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What do the thin layer of fascia and perineal membrane of the urogenital diaphragm form?
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deep perineal pouch
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What 3 MM make up the superficial perineal pouch (layer 3) of urogenital triangle?
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ischicavernosus mm, bulbospongiosus mm, superficial transverse perineal mm
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What N innervates the MM of the superficial perineal pouch?
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perineal n
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ORIGIN ischiocavernosus
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ischiopubic rami
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INSERTION ischiocavernosus
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crura of penis clitoris
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FUNCTION ischiocavernosus
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aids in maintaining erection of penis/clitoris by squeezing off venous return flow
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What plexus does the sciatic N come from?
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lumbosacral
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FUNCTION gluteus maximus
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extends thing
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INNERVATION gluteus maximus
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inf. gluteal N (L5, S1, S2)
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FUNCTION gluteus medius
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ABduct and medially rotate thigh
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INNERVATION gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata
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sup gluteal n (L5, S1, S2)
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FUNCTION gluteus minimus
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ABducts and medially rotates thigh
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FUNCTION tensor fascia lata
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ABducts and flexes thigh
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What MM are lateral rotators of the thigh?
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periformis, sup gemellus, obturator internus, inf gemellus, quadratus femoris
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What MM are contained within the anterior compartment of the thigh?
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iliacus, psoas major, sartorius, pectineus, rectus femoris, vasus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
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FUNCTION anterior compartment MM of thigh
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extend leg
flex thigh |
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INNERVATION anterior compartment MM of thigh (excluding Psoas major)
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femoral N
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what kind of bone is the patella? what does this mean?
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sesamoid bone b/c it is embedded within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris
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FUNCTION patella
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increases leverage for quadriceps femoris
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What 2 bones form the actual articulation of the knee joint?
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2 femoral condyles and 2 tibial condyles
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What kind of joint is the knee?
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a synovial hinge joint
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What are the functions of the knee?
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flex and extend leg
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What are bursa and where are they located?
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synovial membranes filled with fluid located where skin, MM, or tendons rub against bone
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How many bursa are located near the knee?
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10 total
6 post 4 ant |
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What causes bursitis?
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excessive tendon movement
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What is the function of the ACL?
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prevents anterior displacement of tibia on femur (hyperextension)
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What is the function of the PCL?
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prevents post displacement of tibia on femur
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What are the intracapsular ligaments?
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ACL, PCL
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What are the extracapsular ligaments?
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LCL, MCL, ligamentum patella, arcuate ligament, oblique popliteal ligament
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What is the function of the ligamentum patella?
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supports knee joint
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What forms the articulation of the hip?
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head of femur and acetebulum
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When does ossification of the hip complete?
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around age 16
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What type of joint is the hip?
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ball and socket, synovial joint
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What movements can the hip preform?
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flex, extend, ABduct, ADduct, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction
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What is the depressed area on the head of the femur and what is associated with this area?
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fovea capitis, ligamentum teres
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What is the ligamentum teres?
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a vascular structure that supplies blood to the head of the femur
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What ligaments form the capsule around the hip?
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iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligamentum teres (not true lig but provides some stabilization)
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What AA supply the hip joint?
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obturator A, Sup/Inf gluteal AA, Medial/lateral femoral circumflex AA (branch of deep femoral A)
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What is the function of the menisci of the knee joint?
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increases depth of articulating surface
protect bone because provides cushion between tibia and femur |
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What AA supply blood to the knee joint?
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l/r superior genicular AA
L/r inferior genicular AA |
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Why is it easier to damage your MCL than your LCL
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MCL has little flexibility due to the fact that it is attached to the medial meniscus
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How is your MCL usually damaged?
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lateral or medial blow to knee
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Why is it easier to damage your medial meniscus than you lateral meniscus?
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b/c medial is more firmly attached to the medial condyle of tibia
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What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
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sup: inguinal lig
medial: medial border of adductor longus M lateral: sartorius roof: fascia lata floor: pectineus and adductor longus MM |
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what structures are found within the femoral triangle?
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femoral A, V, N; femoral sheath; sup/deep lymph nodes
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in what order are the femoral vessels and N found in the femoral triangle?
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N, A, V
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What are some pathological uses of the femoral triangle?
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its a pressure point to reduce blood flow to the legs
aids in diagnostics b/c can insert needle |
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What is the only thing that is not contained within the femoral sheath?
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femoral N
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What is contained within the adductor canal?
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femoral A, V and saphenous N
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What is the only thing that is contained within the adductor canal that does not go through the adductor hiatus?
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saphenous N, goes down medial leg
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What is contained within the popliteal fossa?
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popliteal A, V
tibial N common peroneal N |
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What makes up the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
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sup medial: semitendinosus and semimembranosus MM
sup lateral: biceps femoris inf: gastrocnemius |
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What does the sm. saphenous V drain?
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the lateral aspect of the dorsal venous arch
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What does the Great Saphenous V drain?
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medial aspect of the dorsal venous arch
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What can the great saphenous V be harvested for?
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for use in coronary bypass surgery
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