Anatomy Chapter 6 Bones

Front 1

Skeletal system includes:

Back 1

bones of the skeleton
cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues

Front 2

Characteristics of Bone Tissue

Back 2

Osseous
Dense, supportive connective tissue
Contains specialized cells
Produces solid matrix of calcium salt deposits around collagen fibers
Very Vascular

Front 3

Functions of the skeletal system

Back 3

Support
Protection
Leverage necessary for movement
Mineral and lipid storage
Blood cell production

Front 4

Divisions of the Skeletal System

Back 4

Axial and Appendicular

Front 5

Axial Skeleton
Components

Back 5

Skull
Vertebral Column
Rib Cage

Front 6

Appendicular Skeleton
Components

Back 6

Shoulder bones and upper limbs
Hip bones and lower limbs

Front 7

Primary Functions of the Axial Skeleton

Back 7

Protection
Support

Front 8

Primary Functions of the Appendicular Skeleton

Back 8

Leverage for movement
Support

Front 9

Each bones is a discrete ______?

Back 9

organ

Front 10

Gross Anatomy
is the study of?

Back 10

Shape and Tissues

Front 11

Microscopic Anatomy of bones includes?

Back 11

Cells and Matrix

Front 12

Classification of Bones by Shape

Back 12

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sutural bones
Sesamoid bones

Front 13

Where are 'long bones' located?

Back 13

Found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

Front 14

What are the characteristics of long bones?

Back 14

long and slender

Front 15

The Diaphysis is what?

Back 15

the shaft

Front 16

The Epiphysis is what?

Back 16

expanded portion at ends

Front 17

The Metaphysis is what?

Back 17

region where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

Front 18

The central space of bone is called the?

Back 18

Marrow Cavity

Front 19

heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone is in which portion of bone?

Back 19

Diaphysis

Front 20

deep spongy bone included in the Epipysis is also called what?

Back 20

(cancellous) bone

Front 21

What are the characteristics of short bone?

Back 21

Are small and thick
Roughly cube shaped

Front 22

Where is the short bone located?

Back 22

wrist bones (Carpals) and ankle (Tarsals)

Front 23

The characteristics of Flat Bone?

Back 23

Thin with parallel surfaces, flattened often slightly curved

Front 24

Flat bone is a layer of what found between two layers of compact bone?

Back 24

Spongy Bone ( (diploe)
sandwhich

Front 25

Complicated shapes
Have complex shapes
What type of bone is this?

Back 25

Irregular Bone

Front 26

Examples of irregular bone?

Back 26

Vertebrae
ossa coxae
many skull/facial bones

Front 27

Sutural Bones are also called?

Back 27

Wormian Bones

Front 28

Sutural Bone characteristics

Back 28

Small irregular bones
Variable form and numbers

Front 29

Where are the sutural bones found?

Back 29

Found between the flat bones of the skull in the skull

Front 30

Sesamoid Bones are?

Back 30

small and flat

Front 31

Sesamoid Bones develop where?

Back 31

Develop inside tendons
Near joints of knees, hands, and feet

Front 32

What is the sole function of the sesamoid bones?

Back 32

Reinforce joints
they can also alter the direction of muscle pull

Front 33

Give an example of a Sesamoid Bone?

Back 33

Patella

Front 34

Characteristics of Bone Tissue

Back 34

Dense matrix
Deposits of calcium salts
Bone cells within lacunae
Organized around blood vessels

Front 35

Types of bone Tissue

Back 35

Compact
Spongy
Bone Marrow

Front 36

The Compact Bone is a
Regular arrangement of ____?

Back 36

osteons

Front 37

Compound bone looks _____ and ______ to the naked eye?

Back 37

Looks smooth and solid to naked eye

Front 38

Lamella ?

Back 38

Layer

Front 39

lacunae of compact bone contains?

Back 39

osteocutes

Front 40

Canaliculi ?

Back 40

allow osteocutes to communicate via gap junctions

Front 41

Blasts refer to ?

Back 41

forming

Front 42

clasts refer to?

Back 42

eating

Front 43

progeni referes to?

Back 43

offspring

Front 44

Compound Bone is ?

Back 44

Dense and Stong

Front 45

Spongy Bone is?

Back 45

open arrangment
light weight
shock absorbing
resistant to tension

Front 46

Lamellae in compact bone, the Concentric lamellae is where?

Back 46

In osteon

Front 47

Where is the Circumferential Lamellae and what does it do?

Back 47

Lamellae wrapped around the long bone
Binds osteons together

Front 48

Where is the Interstitial lamellae?

Back 48

Irregular lamellae in gaps around osteons

Front 49

Structure of Osseus Tissue
The lacunae contains?

Back 49

osteocytes

Front 50

In the structure of the Osseus Tissue the Canaliculi allows what?

Back 50

Allow osteocytes to communicate via gap junctions

Front 51

In the structure of the Osseous tissue the Osteon
is also referred to as what? and what is it?

Back 51

(Haversian system)
Basic structural unit of compact bone

Front 52

In the structure of the Osseous tissue what is the Lamella?

Back 52

Concentric layers of bone
Collagen fibers and salt crystals lie in opposite directions in adjacent lamella

Front 53

In the structure of the Ossesous tissue what are the Perforating Canals?

Back 53

Volkman’s canals
Perpendicular to the central canal
Carry blood vessels into bone and to marrow

Front 54

What contributes to the structure of Osseous tissue?

Back 54

Lamellae
Canaliculi
Osteon
Lacunae
Perforating Canals

Front 55

Spongy Bone (cancellous bone is what?

Back 55

Honeycomb of osseous tissue called trabeculae

Front 56

Spongy Bone is wich part of the bone?

Back 56

Internal part of bone
Epiphysis
internal portion of flat and irregular bones
Appears to be poorly organized

Front 57

Spongy bone contains no ?

Back 57

No osteons

Front 58

Trabeculae ( spongy bone) is actually arranged along what?

Back 58

lines of stress

Front 59

Trabeculae have no....

Back 59

Trabeculae have no blood vessels

Front 60

Osteocytes in spongy bone are interconnected by

Back 60

canaliculi

Front 61

Spongy Bone Contains irregularly arranged ______?

Back 61

Lamella

Front 62

Compact bone is covered with membrane
_______ on the outside
_______ on the inside

Back 62

periosteum on the outside
endosteum on the inside

Front 63

Membranes like the periosteum and endosteum cover every bone except?

Back 63

Covers all bones
except parts enclosed in joint capsules

Front 64

Functions of Periosteum and Endosteum

Back 64

Isolate bone from surrounding tissues
Provide a route for circulatory and nervous supply
Role in bone growth and repair

Front 65

What is the Periosteum outter layer??

Back 65

Outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue
Continuous with joint capsules, tendons, and ligaments
Collagen fibers incorporated into the bone called perforating fibers

Front 66

What is the Periosteum inner layer?

Back 66

Deep cellular layer
Inner layer
Richly supplied with blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatic vessels
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and osteoclast

Front 67

What does the Endosteum cover?

Back 67

Covers inner surfaces of bone
-trabeculae of spongy bone
-marrow cavity
-lines canals that pass through compact bone

Front 68

What cells does the Endosteum contain?

Back 68

Contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

Front 69

Bone Cells
Make up only _______ % of bone mass

Back 69

2

Front 70

Osteoprogenitor Cells
are what?

Back 70

Osteoprogenitor cells
Mesenchymal stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts
Are located in inner, cellular layer of periosteum (endosteum)
Assist in fracture repair

Front 71

Osteoblasts ?

Back 71

Immature bone cells
Bone cells that Secrete new extracellular matrix (osteoid)
Encourage acculmulation of calcium salts in the matrix
Carry out osteogenesis

Front 72

What makes up the organic part of bone?

Back 72

osteoid,
matric produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified to form bone.....
Ground Substance
Collagen Fibers

Front 73

How much of the bone matrix is made up of proein fibers called collagen?

Back 73

1/3

Front 74

What makes up the inorganic component of bone ?

Back 74

Mineral Salts
Hydroxyapatites

Front 75

What are the Hydroxyapatites
located in the inorganic portion of bone?

Back 75

Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2
Reacts with calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
Form crystals of hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

Front 76

Calcium phosphate

Back 76

Ca3(PO4)2

Front 77

calcium hydroxide

Back 77

Ca(OH)2

Front 78

hydroxyapatite

Back 78

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

Front 79

Which enzyme is responsible for adding phosphates to the inorganic component of bone?

Back 79

alkaline phosphate

Front 80

Mature osteoblast that are completely surrounded by bone matrix in lacunea?

Back 80

Osteocytes

Front 81

Do osteocytes divide?

Back 81

nope

Front 82

Function of osteocytes?

Back 82

Connected by cytoplasmic extensions through canaliculi
Maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix

Front 83

These secrete acids and protiolytic enzymes that digest bone? Large multinucleate cells?

Back 83

Osteoclasts

Front 84

Acids disolve what out of bone leaving only the collagen framework?

Back 84

mineral salts

Front 85

Bone homeostasis requires what to maintain ?

Back 85

bone building (by osteocytes)
bone recycling( by osteoclasts)