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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Lymph |
- Interstitial fluid once it has entered these vessels - Functioning to return the interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back into the blood |
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1. Lymph - Fluid 2. Vessels - Network to contain 3. Nodes - Cleanses lymph 4. Tissues/Organs - Structural basis |
Lymphatic System 4 Parts and Describe |
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Lymphatic Vessels |
- Elaborate network of drainage vessels that collect excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the blood stream - To ensure cardiovascular system has sufficient blood volume - Form a one-way system to flow only toward the heart |
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Lymphatic capillaries |
- Transport begins in blind-ended _______________ that weave between the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissues - Absent from bones, teeth, bone marrow, and central nervous system - Remarkably permeable from 2 distinct structural modifications: Loosely-joined endothelial mini valves; Withstands interstitial pressure to remain open |
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1. Flaplike minivalves - Endothelial cells overlap, allow interstitial fluid to enter but not escape 2. Collagen filaments - Anchor cells to surrounding structures so volume pressure opens valves |
2 Structural Modifications of the Lymphatic Capillaries |
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- Cell debris - Pathogens (Bacteria/Viruses) - Cancer Cells |
In the case of inflammation, lymphatic capillaries can uptake even larger particles such as? (3) |
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Lacteals |
- Special set of lymphatic capillaries that transports absorbed fat from the small intestine to the bloodstream - Milky white fatty lymph called chyle drains from the villi of the intestinal mucosa |
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Chyle |
- Fatty lymph that drains from the intestinal mucosa villi into lacteals, a special type of lymphatic capillary |
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Capillaries Vessels Trunks Ducts |
Pathway of lymph to heart (4) |
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Lymphatic Vessels |
- Function: Collecting - Same 3 Tunics as Veins - But with Thinner walls, more internal valves - And Anastomose more (Connect) |
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Veins Arteries |
In general, lymphatics in the skin travels along with superficial __________, while deep lymphatic vessels of the trunk and digestive viscera travel with the deep __________. |
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Lymphatic Trunks |
- Formed by the uniting of the largest lymphatic vessels - Drain fairly large areas of the body - Major ones are the paired lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular, and single intestinal |
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Lumbar (2) Bronchomediastinal (2) Subclavian (2) Jugular (2) Intestinal BSJIL |
Name the 5 Lymphatic Trunks |
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Lymphatic Ducts |
- Collects from the entire body to empty its lymph into the venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian vein on either side of the body - Right lymphatic and Thoracic (2) |
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Right Lymphatic Duct |
- Drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax |
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Thoracic Duct |
- Much larger, collects lymph from -Two large lumbar trunks that drain lower limbs - Intestinal trunk that drains digestive organs - Left side of the thorax, left upper limb, left side of the head |
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Cisterna chyli |
- Beginning of the thoracic duct that appears as an enlarged sac, located between the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae |
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1. Low-pressure - Pressure changes from thorax 2. Skeletal muscles - "Milking" 3. Valves - Prevent back flow 4. Pulsations of vessels - Arteries and smooth muscle |
4 Driving Forces for Lymph Movement and Describe - Transport lacks a pump and is sporadic and slow |
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1. Lymphocytes 2. Macrophages 3. Dendritic Cells 4. Reticular Cells |
Name the 4 Lymphoid cells - Consists of immune system cells in lymphoid tissue and supporting cells that form "scaffolding" |
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Lymphocytes |
- Main warriors of the immune system that protect the body against antigens - 2 Varieties: T Cells and B Cells |
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Antigens |
Anything that provokes an immune response from body perceiving something as foreign Ex: Bacteria and their toxins, viruses, mismatches red blood cells, cancer cells |
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T Lymphocytes |
- Manage the immune response by cellular communication - Directly attack and destroy infected cells |
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B Lymphocytes |
- Protect the body by producing plasma cells - Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood - Antibodies mark antigens for destruction |
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Macrophages |
- Cells that phagocytizes foreign substances - Helps to activate T cells |
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Dendritic Cells |
- Cells that capture antigens to bring back to the lymph nodes |
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Reticular cells |
- Fibroblast-like cells that produce stroma, which is the network that supports the other cell types in lymphoid organs and tissues |
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Stroma |
- Reticular fiber that provides supporting network for other lymphoid cells in tissues and organs |
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Lymphoid Tissue |
- Main functions are housing and providing a proliferation site for lymphocytes - Furnishes ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages - Composed of loose reticular connective tissues (Except Thymus) - Can be diffuse or compacted into follicles |
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Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue |
- Referring to a loose arrangement of lymphoid tissue - Found everywhere - Especially lamina propria of mucous membranes (Ex: digestive tract) |
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Lymphoid Follicles (Nodules) |
- Solid spherical bodies of compact lymphoid cells and reticular fibers - Germinal centers where proliferating B cells predominate, enlarges when plasma cells are being produced - Can form part of larger nodes - Or individually such as in the intestinal wall as Peyer's patches and appendix |
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Primary Lymphoid Organs |
- Site of B and T Cell maturation: Red bone marrow and thymus |
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs |
- Site where mature lymphocytes encounter antigens and are activated - Includes lymph nodes, spleen, and collection of MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) - MALT includes tonsils and Peyer's patches |
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Lymph Nodes |
- Only organ to filter and cleanse lymph - Embedded in connective tissue, clustered among lymphatic vessels - Surrounded by dense fibrous capsule - Stroma is compartmentalized by connective tissue strands called trabeculae - Distinctive cortex and medulla regions - Large clusters appear in inguinal, axillary, cervical regions |
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1. Filtration: Cleansing the lymph 2. Immune system activation: Monitor antigens to mount attack |
2 Basic Protective functions of the Lymph Node |
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Medullary Cords |
- Thin inward extensions from cortical lymphoid tissue, contains B and T Cells |
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Lymph Node Cortex |
- Superficially contains compacted follicles > germinal centers > B cells - Deeper part contains transit T cells that perform surveillance between blood, lymph nodes and lymph - Dendritic cells are abundant and critical to help lymphocytes become effective defensive cells |
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Lymph sinuses |
- Large lymphatic capillaries spanned by crisscrossing reticular fibers with macrophages that phagocytize foreign matter as it flows by |
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- Afferent Lymphatic Vessels (Convex) - Subcapsular Sinus (Baglike) - Medullary Sinus - Hilum (Indent at Concave) - Efferent Lymphatic Vessels |
Trace the pathway of Lymph Node Circulation (5) |
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Stagnation |
- Term referring to how the flow of lymph in the node is affected by the fewer efferent vessels draining the node than afferent vessels feeding it - Allows lymphocytes/macrophages to carry out protective functions |
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Spleen |
1. Provides site for lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance and response 2. Blood cleansing: Extracts aged and defective blood cells/platelets and Macrophages remove debris/foreign matter 3. Recycles breakdown products of erythrocytes, sends to liver for processing, stores iron 4. Stores thrombocytes and monocytes until needed 5. Erythrocyte production in fetus |
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1. Lymphocyte surveillance 2. Blood-cleansing 3. Recycles breakdown products 4. Stores thrombo/monocytes 5. Erythrocyte production (fetus) |
5 Main Functions of the Spleen |
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White Pulp |
- Component of the spleen where immune functions take place - Composed of lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers - Forms clusters or "cuffs" around central arteries, splenic arteries, appear as islands |
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Red Pulp |
- Component of the spleen where worn-out erythrocytes and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed - Consists of these cells, pathogens and macrophages and splenic cords that separate splenic sinusoids (venous sinuses) |
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Tonsils Appendix Peyer's Patches Nodules in Bronchi Walls Digestive Tract Mucosa |
5 Areas to identify MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues) |
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Tonsils |
- Form a ring of lymphoid tissue around entrance to pharynx (throat) where they appear as swellings of mucosa - Gather and remove many pathogens entering pharynx - Contain follicles with obvious germinal centers - Not fully encapsulated, epithelial covering forms internal tonsillar crypts that trap bacteria by "inviting" |
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Palatine |
- Located on either side of posterior end of oral cavity - Largest and most often infected |
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Lingual Tonsils |
- Collective term for lumpy collection of lymphoid follicles at base of the tongue |
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Pharyngeal Tonsil |
- Referred to as adenoid when enlarged - Located in the Posterior wall of the nasopharynx |
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Tubal Tonsils |
- Tiny tonsils that surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx |
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Tonsillar Crypts |
- Main function is to trap bacteria and particulate matter, "inviting" bacteria to work their way into mucosal epithelium into lymphoid tissue - Its strategy helps produce a wide variety of immune cells with memory |
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Peyer's Patches |
- Aggregated lymphoid nodules are large clusters of follicles that are located in the distal portion of the small intestine (ileum) |
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Appendix |
- Tubular structure of first part of large intestine (cecum) and contains many lymphoid follicles - Prevents bacteria from breaching intestinal wall and helps in generating "memory" lymphocytes for long term immunity |
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Thymus |
- Primary lymphoid organ that helps T cells become immunocompetent lymphocytes - Cortex: Dense lymphocytes, few macrophages; medulla: Few lymphocytes, thymic corpuscles, regulatory T cells (prevents autoimmune responses) - No B Cells, so no follicles - Isolates T cells to prevent premature activation - Stroma consists of epithelial cells instead of reticular fibers |
