Anatomy Chapter 14, Test 4

Front 1

Cerebrum

Back 1

Most visible, takes up most space (83%) volume

Front 2

Cerebellum

Back 2

Second largest in posterior, 50% of neurons

Front 3

Diencephalon

Back 3

Deep, THE (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

Front 4

Brainstem

Back 4

MPM (midbrain, pins, medulla)

Front 5

Cerebrum divided into lobes

Back 5

Five

Front 6

Cerebrum structure

Back 6

Two cerebral hemispheres, longitudinal fissure(groove in middle), corpus callosum(nerve bundle), gyri(thick folds), sulci(shallow grooves in folds)

Front 7

Gray matter

Back 7

Contains neurons cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses, forms surface layer cortex, little myelin

Front 8

White matter

Back 8

Bundles of axons, deep to gray,myelin

Front 9

Meninges

Back 9

Three connective tissue layers that surround brain(protect), has dura, arachnoid, pia

Front 10

Dura mater layers

Back 10

2 layers(folds inward)

Outer periosteal (contact with bone)

Inner meningeal (vertebral canal and spinal cord, epidural)

Front 11

Dural sinuses

Back 11

Separate dues layers, collect blood and CSF

Front 12

Arachnoid mater

Back 12

See through membrane over surface of brain, subarachnoid seperates it from pia(CSF cir.), subdural seperates from dues mater

Front 13

Pia mater

Back 13

Thin memebrane follow contours of brain into sulci, not visible

Front 14

Meningitis

Back 14

Inflammation of meninges, bacterial and virus infection of CNS, progress quick(swelling, ventricle enlarge)

Front 15

Symptoms and diagnosis of meningitis

Back 15

Fever, stiff neck, fatigue, headache, coma, exam CSF through lumbar puncture(spinal tap)

Front 16

Ventricles

Back 16

Produce and circulate CSF

Front 17

Two lateral ventricles

Back 17

One in each hemisphere, surrounded by corpus callosum

Front 18

Intervebtricular foramen

Back 18

Connects to third ventricle

Front 19

Third ventricle

Back 19

Below corpus callosum

Front 20

Cerebral aqueduct

Back 20

Connects to fourth ventricle

Front 21

Fourth ventricle

Back 21

Between pins and cerebellum, connects to central canal that runs down spinal cord

Front 22

Choroid plexus

Back 22

Spongy mass of blood capillaries, blood flow to produce CSF, each ventricle has own

Front 23

Ependymal cells (ependyma)

Back 23

Looks like simple cuboidal, lines ventricles and cover choroid plexus, filters blood and produce CSF (clear)

Front 24

CSF

Back 24

Clear, colorless, fills ventricles and canals of CNS

Front 25

Functions of CSF

Back 25

Buoyancy-flotation

Protection

Homeostatic regluation

Front 26

Flow of CSF

Back 26

1.CSF secreted by ependyma and choroid plexus in lateral ventricles

2. Into interventricular foramen into third, down cerebral aqueduct into fourth

3. Through apertures into subarachnoid space, circulate

4. Reabsorbed from sub. space at arachnoid villi, mix with blood in superior sagittal sinus

Front 27

Blood supply in brain

Back 27

Demands ATP, oxygen, glucose to supply blood contantly

Front 28

Blood brain barrier BBB

Back 28

Regulates substances that pass from bloodstream into brain

Front 29

BBB contains tight junctions

Back 29

Nothing can pass, between endothelial cells that form capillary walls

Front 30

Astrocytes

Back 30

Reach out and contact capillaries to form tight junctions

Front 31

Reticular formation

Back 31

Web of gray matter, runs vertically through all levels of brain, lots of neural networks

Ex: helps with eating, breathing, sleeping

Front 32

Somatic motor control

Back 32

Visual, auditory, balance, motion coordination, gaze center, rhythmic signals(breath, swallow)

Front 33

Cardiovascular control

Back 33

Cardiac and vasomotor centers of medulla

Front 34

Vasomotor

Back 34

Diameter of blood vessels, size for rate

Front 35

Pain modulation

Back 35

One route, pain from lower body reaches cerebral cortex, origin of descending analgesic pathway(naturally kicks in)

Front 36

Sleep and consciousness

Back 36

Alertness and sleep, injury to reticukar formation can cause coma

Front 37

Habituation

Back 37

Brain learns to ignore repetitive stimuli

Front 38

Medulla

Back 38

Begins at foramen magnum, include ascending and descending tracts, craibal nerves 9-12

Front 39

Pyramids

Back 39

External fridges on medulla, corticospinal tracts

Front 40

Olives

Back 40

Bulges lateral to pyramid, relay centers of signals going to cerebellum, neural network

Front 41

Medulla nuclei of reticular formation

Back 41

Cardiac center(rate and force of heart)

Vasomotor center

Respiratory center

Telex centers

Front 42

Pons

Back 42

Superior to medulla and inferior to midbrain, some ascending and descending tracts, cross relay and up and down, additional ret. form., cranial nerves, sensory and motor roles

Front 43

Cerebellar peduncles

Back 43

Connect cerebellum to pins and midbrain

Front 44

Midbrain

Back 44

Superior to pins, cranial nerves 3 and 4, continuation of ret. form.

Front 45

Tectum

Back 45

Roof like part of midbrain

Front 46

Colliculi

Back 46

Four bulges

(2) Superior colliculi -relay signals for movement of head,visual

(2) Inferior colliculi- relay signals for movement of head, auditory

Front 47

Thalamus

Back 47

Oval shaped, 23 nuclei into five major functional groups, major relay station(gateway to cortex)

Front 48

Functions of thalamus

Back 48

Sensory-lateral group, relay info Through same brain region

Motor-central group, relay signals from cerebellum to cerebrum, deep basal nuclei

Memory and emotion-anterior group

Front 49

Hypothalamus

Back 49

Below thalamus, walls and floor of 3rd ventricle, attached to pituitary gland, control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system, hoenostatic regulation of hormones

Front 50

Hypothalamus extends...

Back 50

Anteriorly extends to optic chiasm

Posteriorly extends to mammillary bodies

Front 51

Functions of hypothalamus

Back 51

Hormone secretion

Autonomic effects-integrating center

Thermoregulation- neg. feedback

Food and water intake- sensations, monitor blood glucose and amino ac

Rhythm of sleep and waking- 24 he

Memory- mammillary nuclei receive signals from hippocampus

Emotional behavior- anger, fear, pleasure

Front 52

Epithalamus

Back 52

Small mass of tissue, superior and posterior to thalamus, includes pineal gland

Front 53

Pineal gland

Back 53

Endocrine function, produces melatonin(sleep and sex)