Anatomy Ch.7

Front 1

cerebrum

Back 1

that portion of the brain responsible for functions most commonly associated with "higher-order" behaviors (learning, intelligence, awareness); receives and interprets sensory information, initiates conscious nerve impulses to skeletal muscles, and integrates neuron activty that is normally associated with communication, expression of emotional responses, learning, memory and recall, and other behaviors associated with conscious activity

Front 2

cerebellum

Back 2

second largest component of the brain; allows the body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes

Front 3

Central nervous system

Back 3

the brain and spinal cord

Front 4

Peripheral nervous system

Back 4

nerves outside of the central nervous system

Front 5

Nerves

Back 5

a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system that conducts sensory and/or motor impulses to and from the central nervous system and the periphery of the body

Front 6

Neurons

Back 6

cells of the nerves that are structurally composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. they not only initiate nerve impulses but also conduct them

Front 7

Neuroglia

Back 7

cells in the nervous system that support and protect the neurons

Front 8

glial cells

Back 8

cells in the nervous system that protest and support the nervous system

Front 9

soma

Back 9

the cell body of the neuron; perikaryon

Front 10

dendrites

Back 10

the receptive site of the nerve cell; extends from the cell body, giving the cell a starlike shape; receives stimuli and conveys them as nerve impulses to the cell body

Front 11

Sensory receptors

Back 11

a modified nerve ending converts mechanical, thermal, chemical, or electromagnetic stimuli into nerve impulses that travel to the CNS and are interpreted as the appropriate sensation

Front 12

Axons

Back 12

extension of the neuron that conducts the nerve impulse away from the cell body to the terminal bouton at the end of the neuron

Front 13

Effector cell

Back 13

a cell such as a muscle or gland cell that carries out some action when stimulated by a nerve impulse

Front 14

Myelin

Back 14

fatty substance that covers some axons

Front 15

Myelin sheath

Back 15

cell membrane of glial cells wrapped around an axon; increases speed of impulse conduction along the axon

Front 16

Oligodendrocytes

Back 16

glial cells in the brain and spinal cord whose cellular membrane forms the myelin sheath for axons in the CNS

Front 17

Schwann cells

Back 17

glial cells associated with the peripheral nerves whose cellular membrane forms the myelin sheath for axons in the PNS

Front 18

Afference nerves

Back 18

nerve that carries impulses toward the central nervous system

Front 19

Efferent nerves

Back 19

nerve that carries impulses away from the central nervous system

Front 20

Sensory nerves

Back 20

nerves that carry afferent impulses from sensory receptors toward the central nervous system

Front 21

Motor nerves

Back 21

nerve that carries efferent impulses to muscles, although motor function may be used to describe any nerve that carries an efferent impulse, including those that supply endocrine glands and tissues that are not muscle

Front 22

Somatic nervous system

Back 22

conscious or voluntary nervous system controlling skeletal muscles; somatic motor function is the efferent branch, and the somatic sensory function is the afferent branch

Front 23

Autonomic nervous system

Back 23

the part of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and endocrine glands automatically without conscious control; has motor and sensory branches

Front 24

Sodium-potassium pump

Back 24

active transport molecule that moves sodium molecules out of the neuron and potassium molecules into the neuron to maintain the resting state

Front 25

Depolarization

Back 25

a reduction in the voltage across a neuron or muscle cell membrane from its normal polarized state. this results in an action potential in the case of a neuron or the initiation of contraction in the case of a muscle cell

Front 26

Action potential

Back 26

significant change in electrical charge from negative to positive

Front 27

Repolarization

Back 27

the process following depolarization wherein potassium ions diffuse rapidly out of the neuron

Front 28

Nerve impulse

Back 28

a wave of cell membrane depolarization that travels from the point of stimulus down the length of a nerve cell process

Front 29

All-or-nothing principle

Back 29

the principle that an individual muscle fiber either contracts completely or does not contract at all

Front 30

Neurotransmitter

Back 30

the chemical released by the presynaptic neuron that diffuses across the synaptic cleft, binds with the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, and stimulated or inhibits the postsynaptic neuron

Front 31

Receptors

Back 31

a specialized protein to which the neurotransmitters bind

Front 32

cerebral cortex

Back 32

gray matter that makes up the outer layer of the cerebrum

Front 33

fissures

Back 33

deep grooves found in the cerebral cortex

Front 34

pituitary

Back 34

the master endocrine gland. a pea-sized endocrine gland located at the base of the brain; made up of the anterior pituitary gland, which produces seven known hormones, and the posterior pituitary gland, which stores and releases two hormones from the hypothalamus; also called the hypophysis

Front 35

lobes

Back 35

each cerebral hemisphere is divided by sulci into lobes; different lobes of the cerebral hemispheres specialize in certain functions

Front 36

cerebral hemisphere

Back 36

the two halves of the cerebrum

Front 37

longitudinal fissure

Back 37

prominent groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

Front 38

meninges

Back 38

set of connective tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord; the three layers of the meninges, from outside to innermost layer, are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater

Front 39

somatic reflexes

Back 39

a reflex resulting in the stimulation of inhibition of skeletal muscle contraction

Front 40

autonomic reflexes

Back 40

a reflex that results in stimulation or inhibition of smooth or cardiac muscle or endocrine gland function; mechanisms of homeostasis are autonomic reflexes

Front 41

cerebral hemisphere

Back 41

the two halves of the cerebrum

Front 42

nuclei

Back 42

cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

Front 43

interneurons

Back 43

typically a short neuron that connects two other neurons; usually mentioned in the context of the reflex arc

Front 44

brain stem

Back 44

the connection between the brain and the spinal cord; composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain; heavily involved in autonomic control functions related to the heart, respiration, blood vessel diameter, swallowing, and vomitting

Front 45

withdrawal reflex

Back 45

reflex arc in which painful stimulus on skin causes contraction of the affected limb; also called flexor reflex

Front 46

meninges

Back 46

set of connective tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord; the three layers of the meninges, from outside to innermost layer, are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater

Front 47

crossed extensor reflex

Back 47

reflex initiated by a stimulation of a limb that results in extension of the limb on the other side of the body

Front 48

cerebral hemisphere

Back 48

the two halves of the cerebrum

Front 49

somatic reflexes

Back 49

a reflex resulting in the stimulation of inhibition of skeletal muscle contraction

Front 50

longitudinal fissure

Back 50

prominent groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

Front 51

autonomic reflexes

Back 51

a reflex that results in stimulation or inhibition of smooth or cardiac muscle or endocrine gland function; mechanisms of homeostasis are autonomic reflexes

Front 52

brain stem

Back 52

the connection between the brain and the spinal cord; composed of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain; heavily involved in autonomic control functions related to the heart, respiration, blood vessel diameter, swallowing, and vomitting

Front 53

nuclei

Back 53

cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

Front 54

meninges

Back 54

set of connective tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord; the three layers of the meninges, from outside to innermost layer, are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater

Front 55

interneurons

Back 55

typically a short neuron that connects two other neurons; usually mentioned in the context of the reflex arc

Front 56

somatic reflexes

Back 56

a reflex resulting in the stimulation of inhibition of skeletal muscle contraction

Front 57

withdrawal reflex

Back 57

reflex arc in which painful stimulus on skin causes contraction of the affected limb; also called flexor reflex

Front 58

autonomic reflexes

Back 58

a reflex that results in stimulation or inhibition of smooth or cardiac muscle or endocrine gland function; mechanisms of homeostasis are autonomic reflexes

Front 59

crossed extensor reflex

Back 59

reflex initiated by a stimulation of a limb that results in extension of the limb on the other side of the body

Front 60

nuclei

Back 60

cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS

Front 61

interneurons

Back 61

typically a short neuron that connects two other neurons; usually mentioned in the context of the reflex arc

Front 62

withdrawal reflex

Back 62

reflex arc in which painful stimulus on skin causes contraction of the affected limb; also called flexor reflex

Front 63

contralateral reflexes

Back 63

contralateral reflexes

Front 64

ipsilateral reflexes

Back 64

the reflex stimulus and response are on the same side of the body

Front 65

hyperreflexive

Back 65

reflex response that is more pronounced than normal

Front 66

palpebral reflex

Back 66

reflex closure of the eyelids when the medial canthus of the eyelids is touched; used in anesthesia monitoring to assess depth of anesthesia