Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The respiratory system protects surfaces from what?
|
Dehydration
|
|
|
Upper Respiratory System:
1) function 2) parts |
1) filter, warm, and humidify incoming air, protecting more delicate surfaces
2) nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx |
|
|
Lower Respiratory System:
1) consist of (2) 2) parts |
1) conduction zone
2) respiratory zone |
|
|
Function of the conduction zone
|
air passage from external nostril to the lungs
|
|
|
Function of the Nasal passage
|
air is filtered, moistened and warmed
|
|
|
Function of the pharynx
|
conducts food and air; exchanges air with eustachian tube to equalize pressure
|
|
|
Function of the Larynx?
|
voice box, connects the pharynx and the trachea; contains vocal cords; made of cartilage plates, the largest of which is the thyroid cartilage has an opening
|
|
|
Function of the Glottis?
|
leads into the tracheal tube
|
|
|
Function of the Epiglottis?
|
flap of tissue that covers trachea; ensure food travels down the esophagus
|
|
|
Function of the Trachea?
|
made of tracheal rings (hyaline cartilage); the dorsal part of the "C" shaped cartilage has trachealis muscle connected to the outer wall of esophagus; tracheal rings keep the air passage open, and the cilia/mucus help filter the air that goes into the lungs
|
|
|
Function of the Bronchi?
|
has 2 branches of trachea, each bronchus enters one lung, gibies off many branches and eventually forms the microscopic bronchioles of air capillaries (bronchial tree); supported by hyaline cartilage and lining is ciliated and secretes mucus; as cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases
|
|
|
What is the function of Terminal bronchioles?
|
they have a thin layer of smooth muscle and cuboidial epithelium; tiny tubes lacking cartilage and cilia
|
|
|
What is the Respiratory zone?
|
terminal bronchiole leads into shaped structures at the end of the bronchioles that resemble bunches of grapes=alveolus (air pocket in lung)
|
|
|
Alveoli:
1) increase what? 2) make up what? |
1) increase the surface of gas exchange
2) make up the respiratory membrane |
|
|
What is the function of surfactant?
|
to stop the premature alveoli from collapsing
|
|
|
1) Pleura?
2) Visceral pleura? 3) Parietal pleura? 4) pleural cavity? |
1) serous membrane that covers the lungs and the interal thorace wall
2) covers outer surface of the lung 3) covers the thoracis wall 4) space between the membrane layers |
|
|
What are Type I alveolus?
|
Thin and flat and make up the bulk of the alveolar wall; these allow diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor etc.
|
|
|
What are Type II alveolus?
|
Secrete a detergent like molecules called surfactant. Surfactants prevent wall of alveoli from collapsing. Premature babies without surfactant cells in their lungs used to die of a condition known as IRDS in which death occured due to collapse of alveoli
|
|
|
The endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries are the primary source of angiostensin converting enzyme which converts circulating ______ to ______. This enzyme plays an important role in the regulation of ______ and _______
|
angiostensin I
angiostensin II blood volume blood pressure |
|
|
What is Internal respiration?
|
the absorption of oxygen and release of CO2 by cells
|
|
|
What is External Respiration?
|
inclues all the processes involved in the exchange between the body's intersitial fluids and the external environment
|
|
|
Inhaling-Air moves in Why??
|
1) gases move from an area of high pressure to low pressure
2) during inspiration the diaphragm pulls down and lungs expand 3) when lungs expand, it increases the volume, which decreases the pressure inside lungs 4) lung pressure is lower than outside pressure, so air moves in |
|
|
Exhaling-breathing out Why??
|
1) diaphragm and muscles relax
2) volume in lungs and chest cavity decreases, so now pressure inside increases 3) Air moves out because pressure inside higher than outside atmosphere |
|
|
1) Resting Tidal Volume?
2) Minute Ventilation? |
1) the volume of one breath
2) the total volme of air inhaled and exhaled each minute is respiratory rate X tidal volume MV=12 breaths/min x 500 ml/breath=6L/min (a longer than normal MV usually is a sign of pulmonary malfunction) |
|
|
What is inspiratory Reserve?
|
taking a very deep breath you can inhale more 93100ml for males and 1900 ml for females)
|
|
|
What is expiratory reserve volume?
|
if you exhale forcibly, then you can take in addition amt. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diesease (COPD) reduces FEV b/c COPD inc airway resistance
|
|
|
What is Residual volume?
|
amt of air still in lungs (b/c subatmospheric intrapleural pressure keeps alveoli slightly inflate); 1200ml in males and 1100ml in females
|
|
|
1) Aerobic Respiration?
2) Anaerobic Respiration? |
1) oxygen dependent; glucose+oxygen yields CO2+water+usuable energy
2) glycolysis, only some microbes such as yeasts (fungus) and some bacteria are totally anaerobic, most other organisms are aerobic |
|
|
What is Cellular respiration?
|
involves 3 sets of chemical reactions a) glycolysis b) kreb's cycle c) oxidative phosphorylation (oxygen dependent ATP production)
|
|
|
What is Glycolysis?
|
in cytoplasm, no oxygen is used. glucose is split into 2 molecules to pyurvate, along with the release of about 5% of the total energy in glucose molecule; hydrogen from glycose is carried by an electron carrier called NADH
|
|
|
What is Kreb's Cycle?
|
in mitochondria, pyruvate is further processed to release some more energy, enough to make 2 ATP molecules and more NADH. Electrons are removed from the pyruvate molecule, and CO2 is formed as a byproduct
|
|
|
What is Oxidative phosphorylation?
|
the electrons from Krebs cycle pass through a system of enzymes in mitochondria called the electron transport chain. The energy that electrons give up is used to make abotu 32 ATP per glucose molecule. The spent electrons are accepted by oxygen, which then combines with the hydrogen to form water molecule
|
|
|
What is pulmonary ventilation?
|
exhcngae of air between lungs and atmosphere; is brought about by volume changes in thorax which results in air-pressure changes
|
|
|
What happens when diaphragm and rib muscle contract?
|
thoracic volume increases, air pressure in the lungs decreases, and air is drawn into the lungs. This is inspiration or inhalation
|
|
|
What happens with diaphragm and rib muscles relax?
|
thoracic volume is reduced air pressure in the lungs increases and air is forced out of lungs. This is expiration or exhalation. At rest, breathing rate is about 12-15 times per minute 2 seconds for each inhalation and 3 seconds for each exhalation. Exhalation is a passive process as the thoracic muscles do not use energy during relaxation
|
|
|
What role dose pleura play?
|
it gives the lungs an air proof covering, and maintains a lower air pressure in the intra-pleural space containing pleural fluid. This lowers aire pressure tends to increase when the thoracic volume increases and helps create a partial vacuum in the thorax that draws air into lungs
|
|
|
A punctured pleura causes air to enter the pleural space a condition known as ______ which leads to what?
|
Pneumothorax
the collapse of the lung known as atalectasis |
|
|
What is boyles law?
|
1) pressure of gas decreases if the volume of the container increases, and vice versa
2) when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases even slightly during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure decreases slightly and air flows into the lungs through the condicting airways 3) air flows into the lungs from a region of higher pressure (the atmosphere) into a region of lower pressure (the intraplumonary region) 4) when the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases during exhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure increases and forces air out of the lungs into the atmosphere |
|
|
Hemoglb can hold ____ O2 molecules. Each RBC contains _____....
|
4
250 million hemoglobin molcules meaning each RBC can carry a billion molcules of oxygen |
|
|
Exhange of respiratory gases occurs where?
|
along the alveolar space across the respiratory membrane by diffusion
|
|
|
What is Dalton's law
|
Each gas in a mixture contributes to the total pressure in propotion to its relative abundance
|
|
|
What is Henry's Law?
|
At a given temp, the amount of a particular gas is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas; if partial pressure goes up then more gas molecules will go into solution
|
|
|
The greater the difference in Partial pressure, the faster the what?
|
rate of diffusion
|
|
|
What is the partial pressure gradient?
|
Partial pressure of a gas in a gas mixture is propotional to its percentage volume in the gas mixture. Air is a mictures of several gases, and air pressure at sea level is at 760 mmHg. Oxygen makes up about 21% of air, and so partial pressure of oxygen in aire is 21% of atmospheric pressure
|
|
|
Partial pressure of O2 between the alveolar air and pulmonary blood=64 mm Hg; this is the what?
|
Driving force of oxygen diffusion into blood
|
|
|
What happens with air pressure at high altitudes?
|
it is lower than at sea level, so PO2 is lower and less O2 diffuses into pulmonary blood
|
|
|
What is CO2 made up of?
|
1) 70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) dissolved in plasma
2) 2% bound to hemoglobin 3) 7% as Co2 dissolved in plasma |
|
|
What is O2 made up of?
|
1) 99% bound to hemoglobin
2) 1% as O2 dissolved in plasma |
|
|
In smoke inhalation, PCO2 in alveolar air will be higher than that of pulmonary blood and so CO2 diffuses into blood from alveolar air, and the blood turns what color?
|
Cyanotic (bluish black)
|
|
|
What happens to the bicarbonate ion when CO2 from plasma enters the RBC, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the following reaction at a faster rate?
|
it leaves the RBS and is transported by plasma towards the lungs
|
|
|
Most of the hydrogen ions released in the RBC will be buffered by Hb, but some of it will spill out into plasma. This free hydrogen ion in the blood plasma is the main factor that changes the acidity of the blood. This means that what?
|
increases in CO2 in blood automatically increases the acidity of blood (lowers blood pH from the optimum of 7.35 to 7.45 known was acidosis
|
|
|
When hypterventilation continues, then the blood pH will go over 7.5, and blood becomes more alkaline; this is known as what?
|
alkalosis
|
|
|
What is a chloride shift?
|
The ions and bicarbonate ions have different fates. Most of the hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin forming HbH+ making the Hb molecules function as pH buffers, tying up the released hydrogen ions before the ions can leave the RBCs and lower plasma pH. The bicarbonate ions move into the surrounding plasma using a counter transport mechanism that exchanges intracellular bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) for extracellular chloride ions (Cl-). This exchange does not require ATP. The result is a mass movement called the chloirde shift, of chloride ions into the RBCs
|
|
|
What is Emphysema?
|
enlarged alveoli; an enzyme causing the alveolar walls to break down. As a result the alveoli cant push air out so less o2 can enter; loss of elasticity in lungs making breathing difficult because patients cannot get enough O2 and cannot get rid of excess CO2
|
|
|
What is Asthma?
|
Contraction of the muscles surrounding the air passages, drastically reducing ventilation. Children of smokers are 2x more likely to develop asthma. Asthma attack-may result from exposure to an allergen, cold temp, exercise, or emotion
|
|
|
What is Bronchitis?
|
bronchi become swollen and clogged with too much mucus
|
|
|
What is Smokers cough?
|
(nicotine-stimulant [is so toxic it is used as a pesticide] CO & tar). Nicotine and tar paralyze the cilia trapping the smoke-laden mucus and it accumulates. Each cigarettes costs 12 minutes of your life! one can make a 15 min boiled solution of tobacco and kill insects
|
|
|
What is Cystic fibrosis?
|
Lethal inherited disease caused by abnornal plasma membrane protein channel mucous secretions become too thick to be transported easily
|
|
|
What is Decompression sickness (bends)?
|
Caused by a rapid drop in atmospheric pressure which results in nitrogen gas bubbling out of the tissues, fluids and organs
|
|
|
What is Tracheostomy?
|
insertion of a tube directly into the trachea to bypass a blocked or damaged larynx
|
|
|
What is IRDS?
|
infant respiratory distress sndromedeath in premies occurs due to the collapse of alveoli because immature development of alveoli ie no surfactants
|
|
|
What is Hay fever?
|
A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food
|
|
|
What is Hypoxia?
|
Reduced oxygen supply to tissues; this can be due to anemia, blocked arteries (ischemia), cell poisioning
|
|
|
Carbon monoxide?
|
Combines with HB about 200 times gaster than oxygen and more strongly
CO+Hb yield Carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb complex); caroxyHb does not dissociate as easily as does OxyHb. If a person inhales air with even small amount of CO, in a few minutes, all the Hb will be turned into carboxyHB, which is fatal |
|
|
Carbond dioxide transport from the tissue towards the lungs in what 3 ways?
|
1) in the form of bicarbonate ion in plasma-about70%
2) in the form of carbaminoHb-about 20% 3) Dissolved in plasma-about 10% |
|
|
What is carbonic anhydrase?
|
reaction proceeds very slowling, but RBC use this enzyme to make the reaction go faster inbolbes CO2 transport as bicarbonate ions
|
|
|
What are pontine centers?
|
They are respiratory center in the pons that apear to alter the rate of breathing according to the needs of the body
|
|
|
1)What is hypercapnea?
2) What is Hyperepnea |
1) Increases CO2 levels in the blood
2) Increases in the rate and depth of breathing during exercise |
|
|
What is Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease?
|
emphysema is the more common COPD and it is directly linked to smoking-the alvoli becomes largers, as their walls break up, and the lungs become less elastic; bronchioles constrict during exhalation, and inhalation and exhalation become active processes
|
|
|
What is polio?
|
virus that can attack nerves controlling diaphrag because it is a striated muscle
|
|
|
What is pneumonia?
|
An inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria or virus multiples in the alveoli; glui collects as part of inflammation response, in which the buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing
|
|
|
What is carbon monoxide poisoning?
|
The bond holding the oxygen or CO2 is relatively weak bond, however if carbon monoxide is inhaled, the bond is stronger, holding it tight, not allowing the barbond monoxide to difuse accross the membrane. Eventually many RBC will be carrying the CO and no red blood cells will be available to pick up O2. This is called carbon monoxide poisoning. Mouth to mouth resuscitation will not help and a blood transfusion is necessary in serous cases?
|
|
|
What is SIDS?
|
sudden infant death syndrome; a person can forget to breathe. breathing is disrupted called apnea
|
|
|
What is the statistic on lung cancer?
|
90% of lung cancer victims have a history of smoking
|
|
|
What is pleural effusion?
|
A condition in which air or gluid enters the pleural cavity
|
|
|
What is pleurisy?
|
An inflammation of the membranes that line the lungs
|
|
|
What is atelectasis?
|
a collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury
|
|
|
What is TB?
|
bacterial disease; body tries to wall off irritation, symptoms include blood in sputum
|
|
|
What is mouth to mouth resuscitation?
|
provides 75% oxygen of inhaled air
|
|
|
What is the Heimlich maneuver?
|
Used to dislodge food stuck in the trachea
Stand behind the victim, make a fist with one hand, then position the fist, thumb-side in against the victims abdomen. This fist must be slightly above the navel and well below the rib cage. Now press the fist into the abdomen with a suffen upward thrust |
