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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the epiphyses are covered with what kind of cartilage?
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articular
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what makes bone function possible?
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shape
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what do processes do?
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provide spots where tendons and ligament attach.
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spongy bone consists of what?
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numerous branching bony plates with irregular spaces between them
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what lines the medullary cavity?
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endosteum
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where are osteocytes located.
what do these do |
in small chambers called lacunae
form concentric circles around central canals |
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how do osteocytes communicate?
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cellular processes passing through canaliculi
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in compact bone osteocytes and extracellular matrix circled around central canals form__ which __ form ____
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osteons, cemented together, compact bone
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what connects central canals?
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perforating canals which run sideways
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what is canaliculi
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a small channel found in ossified bone
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how are endochondral bones formed?
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emdochondral bones are formed by masses of hyaline cartilage in the shape of the bone appear at the sight of bone formation these masses grow and change extensively. first the cartilage in the iaphyses is broken down and connective tissue on the outside of the diaphyses forms the
periosteum, the osteoblasts and blood vessels from the periosteum invade the diaphyses and form spongy bone around theselves, this area is called the primay ossification center, spongy bone continues to form in all directions from teh primary ossification center, the osteoblasts of the periosteum forms a thin layer of compact bone around the diaphyses, the cartilage i the epiphyses continues to grow until a seconday ossification center is formed in the epiphyses and spongy bone forms in all directions from them and a layer of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate stays between the two ossiffication centers, in the epiphyseal plate osteoclasts enter from the periosteum and break down the dead calcified extracellular matrix in the epiphyseal plate and osteoblast enter and deposit bony tissue in place of the cartilage the bone lengthens until the two ossiffication centers meet and the epiphyseal plate ossiffies the bone thickens by the osteoblast of the periosteum deposits a layer of compact bone beneath it and osteoclasts clear out the inside to make the medularry cavity |
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how are intramembranus bones formed
foundhwere |
found in the brad flat bones of the sull they are formed from masses of connective tissue which differeniate into osteoblasts the osteoblasts surround themselves with bon matrix forming spongy bone in all directions, the periosteum is formed from membranous tissue outside the bone and the osteoblasts of the periosteumdeposit a layer of compact bone over spongy bone, when extracellular matrix completelty surrounds osteoblasts they are called osteocytes.
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what are the functions of bone
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the functions of bone are to provide shape support and protection for body structures to aid in body movement to house tissues that create blood cells and to house inorganic salts
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which bones support the body's weight?
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ones of lower limbs pelvis and back bone
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what are the four parts of a lever?
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a rigid rod or bar, a fulcrum or pivot on which the bar turns an object that moves against the resistance and a force that supplies energy for the movement of the bar
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explain how the actions of straightening and bending the upper arm act as a lever
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when the arm is bent the humerus acts as a bar the elbow joint acts as pivot the hand is the object that moves against the resistance and the biceps supply the force
when going down same except trices brachi posterior muscles on the arm |
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what is blood cell formation called?
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hematapoeisis
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where is blood formed?
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in the yolk sack in unborn babies the liver and spleen in young children and in red marrow in adults
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what makes blood red
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an oxygen carrying pigment called hemaglobin
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where is red marrow primarily found in and adult?
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in the spongy bone of skull ribs sternum vertebrae hip bones clavicles
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how are endochondral bones formed?
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emdochondral bones are formed by masses of hyaline cartilage in the shape of the bone appear at the sight of bone formation these masses grow and change extensively. first the cartilage in the iaphyses is broken down and connective tissue on the outside of the diaphyses forms the
periosteum, the osteoblasts and blood vessels from the periosteum invade the diaphyses and form spongy bone around theselves, this area is called the primay ossification center, spongy bone continues to form in all directions from teh primary ossification center, the osteoblasts of the periosteum forms a thin layer of compact bone around the diaphyses, the cartilage i the epiphyses continues to grow until a seconday ossification center is formed in the epiphyses and spongy bone forms in all directions from them and a layer of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate stays between the two ossiffication centers, in the epiphyseal plate osteoclasts enter from the periosteum and break down the dead calcified extracellular matrix in the epiphyseal plate and osteoblast enter and deposit bony tissue in place of the cartilage the bone lengthens until the two ossiffication centers meet and the epiphyseal plate ossiffies the bone thickens by the osteoblast of the periosteum deposits a layer of compact bone beneath it and osteoclasts clear out the inside to make the medularry cavity |
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how are intramembranus bones formed
foundhwere |
found in the brad flat bones of the sull they are formed from masses of connective tissue which differeniate into osteoblasts the osteoblasts surround themselves with bon matrix forming spongy bone in all directions, the periosteum is formed from membranous tissue outside the bone and the osteoblasts of the periosteumdeposit a layer of compact bone over spongy bone, when extracellular matrix completelty surrounds osteoblasts they are called osteocytes.
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what are the functions of bone
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the functions of bone are to provide shape support and protection for body structures to aid in body movement to house tissues that create blood cells and to house inorganic salts
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which bones support the body's weight?
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ones of lower limbs pelvis and back bone
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what are the four parts of a lever?
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a rigid rod or bar, a fulcrum or pivot on which the bar turns an object that moves against the resistance and a force that supplies energy for the movement of the bar
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explain how the actions of straightening and bending the upper arm act as a lever
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when the arm is bent the humerus acts as a bar the elbow joint acts as pivot the hand is the object that moves against the resistance and the biceps supply the force
when going down same except trices brachi posterior muscles on the arm |
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what is blood cell formation called?
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hematapoeisis
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where is blood formed?
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in the yolk sack in unborn babies the liver and spleen in young children and in red marrow in adults
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what makes blood red
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an oxygen carrying pigment called hemaglobin
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where is red marrow primarily found in and adult?
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in the spongy bone of skull ribs sternum vertebrae hip bones clavicles
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how are endochondral bones formed?
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emdochondral bones are formed by masses of hyaline cartilage in the shape of the bone appear at the sight of bone formation these masses grow and change extensively. first the cartilage in the iaphyses is broken down and connective tissue on the outside of the diaphyses forms the
periosteum, the osteoblasts and blood vessels from the periosteum invade the diaphyses and form spongy bone around theselves, this area is called the primay ossification center, spongy bone continues to form in all directions from teh primary ossification center, the osteoblasts of the periosteum forms a thin layer of compact bone around the diaphyses, the cartilage i the epiphyses continues to grow until a seconday ossification center is formed in the epiphyses and spongy bone forms in all directions from them and a layer of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate stays between the two ossiffication centers, in the epiphyseal plate osteoclasts enter from the periosteum and break down the dead calcified extracellular matrix in the epiphyseal plate and osteoblast enter and deposit bony tissue in place of the cartilage the bone lengthens until the two ossiffication centers meet and the epiphyseal plate ossiffies the bone thickens by the osteoblast of the periosteum deposits a layer of compact bone beneath it and osteoclasts clear out the inside to make the medularry cavity |
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how are intramembranus bones formed
foundhwere |
found in the brad flat bones of the sull they are formed from masses of connective tissue which differeniate into osteoblasts the osteoblasts surround themselves with bon matrix forming spongy bone in all directions, the periosteum is formed from membranous tissue outside the bone and the osteoblasts of the periosteumdeposit a layer of compact bone over spongy bone, when extracellular matrix completelty surrounds osteoblasts they are called osteocytes.
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what are the functions of bone
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the functions of bone are to provide shape support and protection for body structures to aid in body movement to house tissues that create blood cells and to house inorganic salts
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which bones support the body's weight?
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ones of lower limbs pelvis and back bone
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what are the four parts of a lever?
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a rigid rod or bar, a fulcrum or pivot on which the bar turns an object that moves against the resistance and a force that supplies energy for the movement of the bar
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explain how the actions of straightening and bending the upper arm act as a lever
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when the arm is bent the humerus acts as a bar the elbow joint acts as pivot the hand is the object that moves against the resistance and the biceps supply the force
when going down same except trices brachi posterior muscles on the arm |
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what is blood cell formation called?
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hematapoeisis
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where is blood formed?
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in the yolk sack in unborn babies the liver and spleen in young children and in red marrow in adults
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how are endochondral bones formed?
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emdochondral bones are formed by masses of hyaline cartilage in the shape of the bone appear at the sight of bone formation these masses grow and change extensively. first the cartilage in the iaphyses is broken down and connective tissue on the outside of the diaphyses forms the
periosteum, the osteoblasts and blood vessels from the periosteum invade the diaphyses and form spongy bone around theselves, this area is called the primay ossification center, spongy bone continues to form in all directions from teh primary ossification center, the osteoblasts of the periosteum forms a thin layer of compact bone around the diaphyses, the cartilage i the epiphyses continues to grow until a seconday ossification center is formed in the epiphyses and spongy bone forms in all directions from them and a layer of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate stays between the two ossiffication centers, in the epiphyseal plate osteoclasts enter from the periosteum and break down the dead calcified extracellular matrix in the epiphyseal plate and osteoblast enter and deposit bony tissue in place of the cartilage the bone lengthens until the two ossiffication centers meet and the epiphyseal plate ossiffies the bone thickens by the osteoblast of the periosteum deposits a layer of compact bone beneath it and osteoclasts clear out the inside to make the medularry cavity |
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what makes blood red
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an oxygen carrying pigment called hemaglobin
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how are intramembranus bones formed
foundhwere |
found in the brad flat bones of the sull they are formed from masses of connective tissue which differeniate into osteoblasts the osteoblasts surround themselves with bon matrix forming spongy bone in all directions, the periosteum is formed from membranous tissue outside the bone and the osteoblasts of the periosteumdeposit a layer of compact bone over spongy bone, when extracellular matrix completelty surrounds osteoblasts they are called osteocytes.
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where is red marrow primarily found in and adult?
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in the spongy bone of skull ribs sternum vertebrae hip bones clavicles
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what are the functions of bone
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the functions of bone are to provide shape support and protection for body structures to aid in body movement to house tissues that create blood cells and to house inorganic salts
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which bones support the body's weight?
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ones of lower limbs pelvis and back bone
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what are the four parts of a lever?
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a rigid rod or bar, a fulcrum or pivot on which the bar turns an object that moves against the resistance and a force that supplies energy for the movement of the bar
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explain how the actions of straightening and bending the upper arm act as a lever
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when the arm is bent the humerus acts as a bar the elbow joint acts as pivot the hand is the object that moves against the resistance and the biceps supply the force
when going down same except trices brachi posterior muscles on the arm |
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what is blood cell formation called?
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hematapoeisis
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where is blood formed?
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in the yolk sack in unborn babies the liver and spleen in young children and in red marrow in adults
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what makes blood red
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an oxygen carrying pigment called hemaglobin
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where is red marrow primarily found in and adult?
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in the spongy bone of skull ribs sternum vertebrae hip bones clavicles
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what are the two sections of the skeleton?
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axial-head neck trunk
appendicular |
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how many total bones in the skeleton?
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206
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how many bones are in the skull?
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22
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what are paranasal sinuses?
what do they do? |
cavities in the bone lined with mucous membrane
act as resonate sound chambers reduce wieght of the skull |
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explain how bones release and store slat.
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bones are rich in calcium salts mostly in the form of calcium phosphate, cellular processes need calcium, so when the blood is low in calcium, parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone tissue which releases calcium into blood, when high blood calcium level calcitonin from the thyroid gland stimulates formation of bone tissue
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what can bones store
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calcium, magnesium, sodium potassium other carbonates, harmful metallic lements lead radium, stronium
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what bone supports tongue
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hyoid bone
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what are the parts of the axial skeleton?
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skull hyoid bone verteral colum thoracic cage
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what are the parts of appendicular?
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pectoral girdle,upper limbspelvic girdle lower limbs
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how do fontanels help?
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they make the skulll more flexible so the baby can fit through the birth canal
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where does the vertebral column extend?
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from the skull to the pelvis
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what are vertebrae seperated by?
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masses of fibrocartilage called invertebral disks
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what is the use of thevertebral column
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supports the head neck and trunk, and protects the spine
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what are the parts of vertebral arch
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pedicles laminae spinus process
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where do ligaments on the spine attacth?
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dorsal spinous process, transverse process
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what are transvers forimina where found
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passages for arteries leading to the brain, cervical vertebrae
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what does the ala do?
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support the head
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axis what does the dens do
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projects upward and lies in the ring f the axis as the head turns side to side the atas pivots around the dens
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how many of each vertebrae
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7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fuse in sacrum, 4 fuse in coccyx,
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what is the sacrum
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triangular structure frmed from 5 fused vertebrae that forms the base of the vertebral column
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wht are the parts of the thoracic cage?
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ribs, thoracic vertebrae,the sternum, and costal cartilage
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how manypairs of each kind of rib?
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7 vertebrosternal, 3 vertebrochondral, 2 vertebral
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what are the parts of the pectoral girdle?
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clavicles, scapula
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how many carpa, metacarpal, ad phlange bones
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8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpals, each finger has three bones except the thumb which has two
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what makes up the pelvic girdle?
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two coxae
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what forms the pelvis?
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the coxae, sacrum and coccyx
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what supports the weight while sitting?
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ischial tuberosity
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what is the longest bone in the body?
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the femur
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how many tarsals, metatarsals, phlanges?
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7 tarsuls,5 meta tarsuls, 3 in each phlange except two in big toe
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what are joints?
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functional junctions between bones
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what are the functions of joints?
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bind parts of skeletal sysem, make bone growth possible, permit parts of skeleton to chnge during childbirth and enable the body to move during childbirth
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what are the types of joints
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fibrous, cartilagenous, synovial
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explain fibrous
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lie between bones that closely contact one another such as in sutures, immovable
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explain cartilagenous
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slightly moveable have fibrocartilag or hylaine cartilage connecting them , seperate vertebrae overtebral columnf
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synovial joints
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allow free movement, the ends of the joints are covered with yyaline cartilage surrounded with a tubular capsule of dense connective tissue made of outer layer of ligaments and inner layer of synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluids which lubricates joints most joints
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what does synovial fluid do?
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lubricate joints
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what can synovial joints have
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shok absorbing pads called menisci, between surfaces can also have bursae which are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial membrane, brusae located between tendons and bony prominences which allow the tendons to glide over bony prominences, patella olecranon process of elbow
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what are the types of synovial joints
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ball and socket, condyloid, hinge, gliding, pivot, saddle
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describe a ball and socket joint
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a ball shaped head of one bone articulates into the cup shaped cavity of another, hips and shoulder, movements on all planes and rotation
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describe a hinge joint
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the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another as in elbw, movement on only one plane phlange joints
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condyloid joint
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an oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another allows for free movement but no rotation, jints between meta carpals and phlanges
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gliding joints
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almost flat or slightly curved surfaces
articular processes of vertebrae, ankle bones, wrist alllows for sliding and twisting movements |
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pivot joint
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the cyllindrical surface of one bone fits within a ring of bone and ligament of another movement is limited to rotation around a central axis
proximal ends of radius and ulna |
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saddle joint
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articulating surfaces have both concave and convex surfaces the surface of one bone fits the complementarsurface of another
variety of movements joints between carpal and metacrapla of thumb |
