Anatomy And Physiology I

Front 1

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

Back 1

Large body structures visable to the naked eye

Front 2

Regional Anatomy

Back 2

All the structures in a particular region of the body

Front 3

Systemic Anatomy

Back 3

Body structure is studied system by system

Front 4

Surface Anatomy

Back 4

Internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Hint 4

Clinics use this to locate appropriate blood vessels

Front 5

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 5

Too small to be seen with the naked eye

Front 6

Cytology

Back 6

Considers the cells of the body

Hint 6

Subdivision of Microscopic Anatomy

Front 7

Histology

Back 7

The study of tissues

Hint 7

Subdivision of Microscopic Anatomy

Front 8

Developmental Anatomy

Back 8

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan

Front 9

Embryology

Back 9

Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

Hint 9

Subdivision of Developmental Anatomy

Front 10

Pathological Anatomy

Back 10

Studies structural changes caused by disease

Hint 10

Used primarily for medical diagnosis and scientific research

Front 11

Radiographic Anatomy

Back 11

Studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

Hint 11

Used primarily for medical diagnosis and scientific research

Front 12

Palpation

Back 12

Feeling organs with your hands

Hint 12

One tool for studying anatomy

Front 13

Ausculation

Back 13

Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

Hint 13

Another tool for studying anatomy

Front 14

Renal Physiology

Back 14

Kidney function and urine production

Hint 14

Operation of a specific organ systerm

Front 15

Neurophysiology

Back 15

Explains the working of the nervous system

Hint 15

Operation of a specific organ system

Front 16

Cardiovascular Physiology

Back 16

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

Hint 16

Operation of a specific organ system

Front 17

Chemical Level

Back 17

Atoms combine to form Molecules such as water or proteins. Molecules in turn, associate in specific ways to form Organelles (basic components of microscopic cells)

Hint 17

What combines to form what which associates to form what

Front 18

Cellular Level

Back 18

(All cells have some common functions but vary in size and shape) Bigger than Chemical Level but not as big as Tissue Level

Front 19

Tissue Level

Back 19

Groups of similar cells that have a common function. Four basic tissue types are epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue

Hint 19

Hierarchy continues

Front 20

Organ

Back 20

Structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is more common) that performs a specific function for the body

Front 21

Organ Level

Back 21

Extremely complex functions become possible

Front 22

Organ System Level

Back 22

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system

Front 23

Organismal Level

Back 23

Sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

Hint 23

The highest level of organization is the organism, the living human being

Front 24

Maintaining Boundaries

Back 24

Every living organism must do this so that it's internal environment remains distinct form it's external environment. In single-celled organisms it's a limiting membrane, similarly all body cells are surrounded by a selective permeable membrane. Additionally, the body is protected by the integumentary system (skin)

Front 25

Movement

Back 25

Another requirement for life, on the cellular level, the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening is called contractility

Front 26

Responsiveness or Excitability

Back 26

Reflex

Front 27

Digestion

Back 27

Breaking down ingested stuff to molecules that can be absorbed into bloodthen distributed to all body cells by cardiovascular system

Front 28

Metabolism

Back 28

Includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells includes breaking down substances (catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular stuctures from simpler stuctures (anabolism), using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities. Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands

Front 29

Excretion

Back 29

The process of removing wastes

Front 30

Reproduction

Back 30

Occurs at the cellular and organismal level in cellular reproduction

Front 31

Growth

Back 31

Usually accomplished by increasing the number of cells however individual cells also increase in size when not dividing. For true growth to occur, constructive activities must occur at faster rate than destructive ones

Front 32

Integumentary system

Back 32

Hair, skin, and nails. Houses cutaneous (pain, pressure) receptors and sweat and oil glands

Hint 32

Protects deeper tissues from injury

Front 33

Skeletal System

Back 33

Bones/joints protects supports provides framework the muscles use to cause movement, blood cells are formed within bones, bones store minerals

Front 34

Muscular System

Back 34

Skeletal muscles. Maintains posture and produces heat, it allows manipulation of the environment Locomotion and facial expression

Front 35

Nervous System

Back 35

The brain spinal cord and nerves. Fast acting control system of the body responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Front 36

Endocrine System

Back 36

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes, ovary gland secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Front 37

Cardiovascular System

Back 37

Heart, and blood vessels which transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. the heart pumps blood

Front 38

Lymphatic System / Immunity

Back 38

Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, the thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

Front 39

Respiratory System

Back 39

Nasal cavity, pharynx, Larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung. System keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Front 40

Digestive System

Back 40

Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus. System breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells, indigestible foods are eliminated

Front 41

Urinary System

Back 41

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. System eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body regulates water electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood

Front 42

Male Reproductive System

Back 42

Prostate, ductus deferens, penis, testis, scrotum. System overall function is production of offspring

Front 43

Female Reproductive System

Back 43

Mammary glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina. Systems overall function is production of offspring

Front 44

Survival Needs

Back 44

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure

Front 45

Homostasis

Back 45

Maintain a relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

Front 46

Receptor = Variable of Homostatic Control

Back 46

type of sensor that monitors the environment in response to changes called stimuli by sending information to the second component of the control center input flows from the receptor to the control center along the afferent pathway

Front 47

Control Center = Variable of Homostatic Control

Back 47

Determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained it also analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate response information (output) than flows from the control center to the third components, the effector, along the efferent pathway

Front 48

Effector = Variable of Homostatic Control

Back 48

Provides the means for the control centers response (output) to the stimulus, the results of the response then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus either reducing it or enhancing it

Front 49

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

Back 49

The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity, these mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its "ideal" value

Front 50

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

Back 50

The result response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. This feedback mechanism is positive because the change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range

Front 51

Homostatic Imbalance

Back 51

Homeostasis is so important that most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance, it increases our risk for illness

Front 52

Cephalic

Back 52

Head

Front 53

Frontal

Back 53

Forehead

Front 54

Orbital

Back 54

Eye socket

Front 55

Nasal

Back 55

Nose

Front 56

Oral

Back 56

Mouth

Front 57

Mental

Back 57

Chin

Front 58

Cervical

Back 58

Neck region

Front 59

Thoracic

Back 59

Chest

Front 60

Sternal

Back 60

Region of the breastbone

Front 61

Axillary

Back 61

Armpit

Front 62

Mammary

Back 62

Breast region

Front 63

Abdominal

Back 63

Trunk region inferior to the ribs

Front 64

Umbilical

Back 64

Navel (belly button)

Front 65

Pelvic

Back 65

Pelvis region

Front 66

Inguinal

Back 66

Groin area

Front 67

Pubic

Back 67

Genital region

Front 68

Coxal

Back 68

Hip

Front 69

Femoral

Back 69

Thigh

Front 70

Patellar

Back 70

Anterior knee (kneecap) region

Front 71

Popliteal

Back 71

Back of the knee

Front 72

Crural

Back 72

Leg

Front 73

Sural

Back 73

Calf

Front 74

Fibular or peroneal

Back 74

Side of the leg

Front 75

Pedal

Back 75

Foot

Front 76

Tarsal

Back 76

Ankle

Front 77

Calcaneal

Back 77

Heel of the foot

Front 78

Metatarsal

Back 78

Top of foot

Front 79

Digital

Back 79

Fingers or toes

Front 80

Plantar

Back 80

Sole of the foot

Front 81

Hallux

Back 81

Big toe (great toe)

Front 82

Otic

Back 82

Ear

Front 83

Occipital

Back 83

Back of head (base of skull)

Front 84

Dorsal

Back 84

Back

Front 85

Scapular

Back 85

Scapula or shoulder blade area

Front 86

Vertebral

Back 86

Area of spinal column

Front 87

Lumbar

Back 87

Area of back between ribs and hips (the loin)

Front 88

Sacral

Back 88

Region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)

Front 89

Gluteal

Back 89

Buttocks or rump

Front 90

Perineal

Back 90

Region between anus and genitalia

Front 91

Acromial

Back 91

Point of shoulder

Front 92

Brachial

Back 92

Arm

Front 93

Antecubital

Back 93

Anterior surface of the elbow (elbow pit)

Front 94

Olecranal

Back 94

Posterior aspect of the elbow (your elbow)

Front 95

Antebrachial

Back 95

Forearm

Front 96

Carpal

Back 96

Wrist

Front 97

Manus

Back 97

Hand

Front 98

Metacarpal

Back 98

Back of hand

Front 99

Palmar

Back 99

Palm of hand

Front 100

Pollex

Back 100

Thumb

Front 101

Superior or Cranial

Back 101

(above) Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body

Hint 101

The head is superior to the abdomen

Front 102

Inferior or Caudal

Back 102

(below) Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body

Front 103

Anterior or Ventral

Back 103

(in front of) toward or at the front of the body

Front 104

Posterior or Dorsal

Back 104

(behind) toward the back of the body

Front 105

Medial

Back 105

(on the inner side of) toward or at the midline of the body

Front 106

Lateral

Back 106

(on outer side) away from the midline of the body

Front 107

Intermediate

Back 107

(Between) between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Front 108

Proximal

Back 108

Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Front 109

Distal

Back 109

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Front 110

Superficial or external

Back 110

Toward or at the body surface

Front 111

Deep or internal

Back 111

(more internal) Away from the body surface

Front 112

Sagittal Plane

Back 112

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is the median plane or midsagittal plane all other sagittal plane offset from the midline or parasagittal planes

Front 113

Frontal Planes

Back 113

Lies vertically it divides the body into anterior and posterior parts a frontal plane is also called the coronal plane

Front 114

Transverse Plane

Back 114

Runs horizontally between left to right dividing the body into Superior and inferior parts there are many different transverse planes at every possible level a transverse section is also called a cross section

Front 115

Oblique Sections

Back 115

Cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes oblique sections are often confusing and difficult to interpret they are seldom used

Front 116

Dorsal Body Cavity

Back 116

Protect fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions the cranial cavity in the skull in cases the brain. The vertebral or spinal cavity which runs within the bony vertebral column encloses the delicate spinal cord

Front 117

Ventral body cavity

Back 117

Two major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity are the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 118

Thoracic Cavity

Back 118

Surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest the thoracic cavity is further subdivided into lateral pleural cavities each enveloping a lung and a medical mediastinum in them contains the pericardial cavity which encloses the heart and it also surrounds remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

Front 119

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Back 119

Has two parts however these regions are not physically separated by muscular or membrane wall. It's Superior portion the abdominal cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, and other organs. The inferior part, the pelvic cavity, lies in the Bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectom.

Front 120

Walls of Ventral Body Cavity

Back 120

The walls covered by a thin double-layered membrane, the serosa or serous membrane. The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the parietal serosa it folds in on itself to form the visceral serosa covering the organs in the cavity. In the body the serous membranes are separated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid called serous fluid which is secreted by both membranes

Front 121

Umbilical Region

Back 121

The centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

Front 122

Epigastric Region

Back 122

Located superior to the umbilical region (epi = upon, above; gastri = belly) (top middle row)

Front 123

Hypogastric (pubic) Region

Back 123

Located inferior to the umbilical region (hypo = below) (lowest row in middle)

Front 124

Right and Left Hypochondriac regions

Back 124

Lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs (chondro = cartilage) (top row right and left corners)

Front 125

Right and Left Lumbar Regions

Back 125

Lie lateral to the the umbilical region (lumbus = loin) (middle row right and left)

Front 126

Right and Left Iliac or Inguinal Regions

Back 126

Located lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone) (right and left on bottom row)