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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The term "chrondr" means ______.
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Cartilage
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"Osteo"
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Bone
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"Blast"
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Bud, germ, build
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"Clast"
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Smash, break, cut
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"Heme"
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Blood
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"Endo"
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Within
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"Peri"
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Upon or around
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"Poietic"
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Forming
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"Epi"
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Over, above
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"A"
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Without
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"Emia"
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Blood
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"Genesis"
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Produce, origin
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"Hem(o)"
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Blood
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"Physis"
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Growth
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"Lac"
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Lake, hollow
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"Canal"
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Canal, channel
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"Intra"
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Within
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"Hyper"
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Above normal
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The function of bones include (5 things):
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*Support
*Protection *Movement *Mineral storage *Blood cell formation |
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Bone markings include what three things?
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Bulges
Depressions Holes |
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Bone markings serve as what (3 things)?
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*Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
*Joint surfaces *Conduits for blood vessels and nerves |
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Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage are known as the _______ skeleton.
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Axial skeleton
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Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip are known as the _______ skeleton.
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Appendicular skeleton
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Bones are classified by shape into what four categories?
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Long bones
Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones |
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The dense outer layer of the bone is ______ bone.
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Compact bone
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The honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow is _____ bone.
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Spongy bone
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Long bones consist of a _______ and an _______.
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Diaphysis
Epiphysis |
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The tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones is the _______.
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Diaphysis
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The diaphysis is composed of compact bone that surrounds the ___________.
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Medullary cavity
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What is contained in the medullary cavity?
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Yellow bone marrow (fat)!
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The expanded ENDS of long bones are _______.
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Epiphyses
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The epiphyses have a joint surface covered with ______.
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Articular (hyaline) cartilage
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The ___________ separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis.
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Epiphyseal line
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The _______ is the double-layered protective membrane in the bone.
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Periosteum
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The periosteum is richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels and enter the bone via ______.
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Nutrient foramen
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The periosteum is secured to underlying bone by _______.
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Sharpey's fibers
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The delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone is the _______.
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Endosteum
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What is the structure of short, irregular, and flat bones?
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*Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone on the inside.
*Have no diaphysis or epiphyses *Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae |
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The structural unit of compact bone is known as the __________.
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Haversian system, or osteon.
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Column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen are _______.
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Lamellae
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The central channel containing blood vessels and nerves is the _______.
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Haversian (central) canal
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Channels lying at right angles to the central canal connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal are _____.
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Volkmann's canals
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Mature bone cells
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Osteocytes
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Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
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Lacunae
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What percentage of the bone in organic? Inorganic?
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1/3 organic
2/3 inorganic |
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Bone cells include:
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*Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
*Osteocytes (mature bone cells) *Osteoclasts (large cells that reabsorb or break down bone matrix) |
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Inorganic parts of the bone are mainly what?
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Calcium phosphates (mineral salts) packed around collagen fibers
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T/F: The inorganic part of the bone is responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression
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TRUE
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Cells of the epiphyseal plate proximal to the resting cartilage form three functionally different zones including what?
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*Growth
*Transformation *Osteogenic |
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The dense outer layer of bone that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye is
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Compact bone
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The internal layer of bone; honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces
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Spongy bone
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The elongated shaft of a long bone
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Diaphysis
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The end of a long bone, attached to the shaft
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Epiphysis
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The strut or thin plate of bone in spongy bone
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Trabeculae
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The central cavity of a long bone; contains yellow or red bone marrow
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Medullary cavity
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The plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone
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Epiphyseal plate
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Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone
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Periosteum
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Connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces
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Endosteum
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System of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone, also called Haversian canal
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Osteon
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A layer, such as of bone matrix in an osteon of compact bone
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Lamella
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A small space, cavity, or depression
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Lacuna
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"Perforating canals"; canals that run at right angles to the long axis of the bone, connecting the vascular and nerve supplies of periosteum to central canals and medullary canals
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Volkmann's canal
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Growth accompanied by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed
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Appositional growth
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The junction of two or more bones
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Articulation
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An immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue
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Synarthroses
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A slightly movable joint
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Amphiarthroses
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Freely movable joint
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Diarthroses
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Bones joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity is present
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Fibrous joint
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A joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or sheet of fibrous tissue
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Syndesmoses
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Joint that binds the teeth to bony sockets in maxillary bone and mandible
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Gomphoses
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Bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity is present
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Cartilaginous joint
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A joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage
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Synchrondoses
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A joint in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage
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Symphyses
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Freely movable joint exhibiting a joint cavity; also called diarthroses
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Synovial joint
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Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at movable joints
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Articular cartilage
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Fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid; occurs between bones and muscle tendons
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Bursae
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Layer of membrane around a tendon; permits tendon to move
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Tendon sheath
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Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction
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Origin
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Movable attachment of a muscle
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Insertion
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Band of regular fibrous tissue that connects bones
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Ligament
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What are the weakest part of the skeleton?
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Joints (Articulations)
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The functions of joints (2):
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*Give the skeleton motility
*Hold the skeleton together |
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The classification of joints are:
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*Structure
*Function |
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The structural function of joints include:
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1. Fibrous (joined by fibrous tissue)
2. Cartilaginous (joined by cartilage) 3. Synovial (separated by fluid) |
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T/F: All articulations are considered joints
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TRUE
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Functional classification is based on the amount of ____________ allowed by the joint.
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Movement
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The three functional classes of joints are:
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1. Synarthroses (immovable)
2. Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) 3. Diarthroses (freely movable) |
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Synovial structural joints are all _________.
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Diarthroses (freely movable)
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Characteristics of __________ include:
*The bones are joined by fibrous tissue *There is no joint cavity *Most are immovable |
Fibrous structural joints
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Fibrous structural joints have three types:
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Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
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Which fibrous structural joint occurs between the bones of the skull?
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Sutures
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Characteristics of __________ include:
*The bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament *Movement varies from immovable to slightly moveable |
Fibrous structural joints
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The connection between the distal tibia and fibula is an example of what?
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Syndesmoses (Fibrous & Amphiarthroses)
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Characteristics of _______ joints include:
*Articulating bones are united by cartilage *Lack a joint cavity *Two types (synchondroses and symphyses) |
Cartilaginous joints
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The simplest joint movement is
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Gliding movements
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Protraction/retraction and elevation/depression are both movements within what part of the body?
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The jaw
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Opposition occurs with the _______ and _______.
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Pinky and thumb
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This occurs when the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.
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Sprains
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This occurs when bones are forced out of natural alignment.
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Dislocation
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What is the partial dislocation of a joint?
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Subluxation
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An inflammation of a bursa, usually causes by a blow or friction.
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Bursitis
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Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically causes by overuse
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Tendonitis
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What is the most widespread crippling disease in the US?
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Arthritis
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The most common chronic arthritis; often called "wear-and-tear" arthritis.
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Osteoarthritis
*85% of all Americans develop OA |
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Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause that usually arises between the ages of 40 to 50 is _______ arthritis.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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How many bones are in the body?
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206
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The axial skeleton consists of what?
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The skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax
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The appendicular skeleton consists of what?
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The upper and lower limbs (the "appendages")
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What is the purpose of the skull bones?
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To protect the brain
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The ______ protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles.
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Cranium
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The _________ bones supply the framework for the face, the sense organs, and the teeth.
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Facial bones
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The eight cranial bones are:
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*Frontal
*Parietal (pair) *Occipital *Temporal (pair) *Sphenoid *Ethmoid |
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T/F: Cranial bones are thick bones.
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FALSE.
Cranial bones are thin, but remarkably strong for their weight |
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Which two cranial bones have pairs?
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Parietal
Temporal |
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Which two cranial bones come "together" and are connected.
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Frontal and parietal
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Within the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is...
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The hole where the brain connects to the spinal cord
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Within the occipital bone, the occipital condyles are...
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Where the 1st vertebra articulates with the skull
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Within the temporal bones, which part connects with the mandible?
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The mandibular fossa
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Another name for the ear canal is...
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External acoustic meatus
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The zygomatic process is located...
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Right above your cheekbone
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The mastoid process is located...
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Beneath your ear canal
*The bony part you can feel! |
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T/F: Within the temporal bones, the jugular foramen is located POSTERIOR to the carotid artery.
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TRUE
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Location-wise:
Jugular foramen is ________. Carotid canal is _________. |
Jugular foramen- POSTERIOR (ending of alphabet)
Carotid canal- ANTERIOR (beginning of alphabet) |
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The mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa form the __________________ joint.
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Temporomandibular joint
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The _________ is the largest, strongest bone of the face.
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Mandible
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The _____________ feeds the body of the mandible with blood supply.
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Mental foramen
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The __________ bone is the only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with another bone.
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Hyoid bone
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The hyoid bone is the attachment point for what?
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Neck muscles!
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The vertebral column consists of how many of each of the following:
*Cervical *Thoracic *Lumbar *Sacrum *Coccyx |
*Cervical: 7 (neck)
*Thoracic: 12 (torso) *Lumbar: 5 (lower back) *Sacrum: 1 *Coccyx: 1 |
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The disc-shaped, weight-bearing region of the vertebrae
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Body or centrum
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Composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with the centrum, enclose the vertebral foramen
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Vertebral arch
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Make up the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes
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Vertebral foramen
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Part of the vertebrae that projects posteriorly
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Spinous processes
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Part of the vertebrae that project laterally
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Transverse processes
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Part of the vertebrae that protrude superiorly and inferiorly from the pedicle-lamina junctions
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Superior and inferior articular processes
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Lateral openings formed from notched areas on the superior and inferior borders of adjacent pedicles
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Intervertebral foramina
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C1 vertebra that has no body and no spinous process is the _______.
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Atlas
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C2 vertebra that has a body, spine, and vertebral arches
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Axis
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What feature is unique to the thoracic vertebrae?
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Long spinous process!
*Also, two facets, circular vertebrae foramen, and transverse processes |
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The _____ consists of five fused vertebrae.
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Sacrum
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The _______ consists of four fused vertebrae.
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Coccyx (Tailbone)
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The thoracic cage consists of (3):
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*Thoracic vertebrae
*Ribs *Sternum |
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The _______ attaches the upper limb to the body trunk.
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Pectoral girdle
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The _____ secures the lower limbs.
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Pelvic girdle
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The pectoral girdle consist of (2):
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Clavicle (anterior)
Scapula (posterior) |
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The slender, doubly-curved long bones lying across the superior thorax are called the _____ bones.
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Clavicle (collarbones)
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The _______ (lateral) end articulates with the scapula, and the ________ (medial) end articulates with the sternum.
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Acromial (lateral) --> scapula
Sternal (medial) --> sternum ***Flat part of bone articulates with sternum |
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The triangular, flat bone lying on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between the 2nd and 7th ribs.
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Scapula (shoulder blade)
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There is always are ______ between the origin and insertion.
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Joint
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The muscles of mastication are involved with _____.
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Chewing
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T/F: Skeletal muscle tissue is controlled voluntarily.
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TRUE
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From largest to smallest, rank the organization of the skeletal muscle tissue.
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Whole muscle organ (wrapped by epimysium)
Fasicle (wrapped by perimysium) Muscles fibers (wrapped by endomysium) Myofibril Sarcomere Myofilament |
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What is the connective tissue that covers the muscle organ?
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Epimysium
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What is the connective tissue that covers the fasicle?
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Perimysium
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What is the connective tissue that covers the muscle fiber?
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Endomysium
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Which part of skeletal muscle contains actin and myosin?
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Myofibril
*Sarcomere is a segment of myofibril |
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Within the sarcomere, the thin filament is ________, and the thick filament is _______.
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Thin- Actin
Thick- Myosin |
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When a muscle attaches DIRECTLY, it is bone to _____.
When a muscle attaches INDIRECTLY, connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle as a _______. |
Directly- bone to MUSCLE
Indirectly- TENDON |
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Example of the connective tissue "aponeurosis" is:
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Skin to bone connection in the face!
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What makes up most of the VOLUME in skeletal muscle?
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Myofibrils
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What is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle?
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Sarcomeres
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A sarcomere goes from ____ disc to ____ disc.
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Z disc to Z disc
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_____ band is thick filament region.
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A band
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_____ band area contains no thin filaments.
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H band
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____ band is thin filament region
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I band
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The ______ is an elaborate, smooth endoplasmic reticulum that mostly runs longitudinally.
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Sarcoplamic reticulum
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The _______ functions in the regulation of intracellular calcium levels.
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Elongated tubes called _______ penetrate into the cell's interior, and are continuous with the sarcolemma.
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T-tubules
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The ________ carry nerve impulses that signal the release of calcium from the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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T-tubules
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What are the sequential events of contraction in order?
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1. Cross bridge formation
2. Power stroke 3. Cross bridge detachment 4. "Cocking" of the myosin head |
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________ is the key that unlocks the door to muscle contraction.
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Calcium
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Calcium attaches to the _________ complex to move ___________ out of the way. Therefore, myosin can attach to the actin filament.
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TROPONIN
TROPOMYOSIIN |
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T/F: Muscles only push.
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FALSE.
Muscles only pull, NEVER push. |
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Lever systems: First class has what element in the middle?
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Fulcrum
Ex: Head tilting back |
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Second class has what element in the middle?
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Load
Ex: Going on your toes |
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Third class has what element in the middle?
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Effort
Ex: Bicep curls |
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The axial skeleton includes all of the following except the
A) skull. B) ribs and sternum. C) vertebral column. D) pelvic girdle. |
D) pelvic girdle.
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2 Which of the following common terms for the surface features of bones is used to describe a hole through a bone?
A) sinus B) fovea C) alveolus D) foramen |
D) foramen
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