Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 9

Front 1

Excitability

Back 1

Responsiveness or irritability; able to receive and respond to stimuli

Front 2

Contractility

Back 2

Able to shorten when stimulated

Front 3

Extensibility

Back 3

Able to be stretched

Front 4

Elasticity

Back 4

Able to recoil to resting length

Front 5

Skeletal muscle

Back 5

Intact muscle are wrapped in several connective tissue sheaths

Hint 5

Front 6

Epimysium

Back 6

Exterior collagen layer, separates muscle from surrounding tissue (skeletal muscle)

Hint 6

Front 7

Perimysium

Back 7

Surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicle); contain blood vessel and nerve Supply to fascicle (skeletal muscle)

Hint 7

Front 8

Endomysium

Back 8

Surrounds individual muscle cell/fiber; contains stem cells that repair damage (skeletal muscle)

Hint 8

Muscle cells are muscle fibers

Front 9

Aponeurosis

Back 9

Rope-like tendon /sheet-like connective tissue wrappings that extend beyond muscle

Front 10

Myoglobin

Back 10

Muscle cell pigment; stores Surplus oxygen

Front 11

T tubules

Back 11

(Plasma membrane) sarcolemma with invaginations; conduct impulses deep into muscle fiber

Front 12

Myofibrils

Back 12

Rod-likes contractile units within sarcoplasm of muscle fiber (made of bundles of protein filaments: myofilaments)

Front 13

Myofilaments

Back 13

Responsible for muscle contraction

-Thin Filament: made of protein actin, troponin, tropomyosin (I-band;light)

-Thick Filament: made of protein myosin (A-band; dark)

Front 14

Sarcomeres

Back 14

Series of thick and thin filaments aligned in repeating, smallest contractile unit (functional) of muscle fiber

Front 15

Z disc

Back 15

Coin shaped sheet of proteins that hold thin filaments and myofibrils together

Hint 15

Front 16

H Zone

Back 16

Lighter mid-region where filaments do not overlap

Hint 16

Front 17

M line

Back 17

Line of protein myosin that holds adjacent thick filaments together

Hint 17

Front 18

Titin

Back 18

Elastic filament extends from the the two lines to thick filaments, helps muscle cells recoil after being stretched

Hint 18

Front 19

Dystrophin

Back 19

Structural protein that helps to link thin filaments to sarcolemma

Front 20

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Back 20

Stores and regulates calcium, network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 21

Synaptic cleft

Back 21

Axon terminal and muscle fiber are separated by gel filled space; Gap

Front 22

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 22

Neurotransmitter (receptors) contained by Synaptic vesicles of axon terminal, within Sarcolema

Front 23

Rigor mortis

Back 23

Lack of ATP after death, prevents cross Bridges from breaking and muscles remain contracted

Front 24

Acetylcholinesterase

Back 24

Enzyme that are quickly terminated by ACh, muscle relaxation

Front 25

Isotonic contraction

Back 25

Skeletal muscle changes length (tension stays same) resulting in motion

Hint 25

Front 26

Isometric contraction

Back 26

Skeletal muscle develops tension (length is the same)

Hint 26

Front 27

Motor unit

Back 27

Motor neuron and all (four to several hundred) muscle fibers it supplies; nerve-muscle

{ small motor units control fine movements; fingers and eyes}

{ large motor units send large weight bearing muscles; thighs and hips}

Front 28

Muscle tone

Back 28

Constant, slightly contracted ready to respond

Front 29

Muscle metabolism

Back 29

ATP is only source of energy for contraction

(ATP is regenerated by aerobic respiration (oxidative fibers), (anerobic pathway) glycolysis, and ADP with creatine phosphate)

Front 30

Lactic acid

Back 30

Diffuses into bloodstream, used as fuel by liver, kidneys, heart (muscle fatigue)

-pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid and converted back into pyruvic acid by the liver

Hint 30

Front 31

Fuels

Back 31

Stored glycogen, then bloodborne glucose, pyruvic acid from glycolysis, and free fatty acids

Hint 31

Front 32

Oxygen debit (deficient)

Back 32

Oxygen needed after exercise for: replenishing oxygen reserves, glycogen stores, ATP and CP Reserves

- conversion of lactic acid to: pyruvic acid, glucose, and glycogen

Front 33

Muscle fiber types

Back 33

Slow oxidative

fast oxidative

fast glycolytic fibers

Front 34

Hypertrophy

Back 34

Cell growth; cells increase in strength from muscle contraction

Front 35

Peristalsis

Back 35

Alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle layers that mix and squeeze substances through Lumen of hollow organs (longitudal layer/circular layer)

Hint 35

Front 36

Hyperplasia

Back 36

Smooth muscle cells can divide and increase their numbers

Hint 36

Ex. Estrogen effects on uterus at puberty and during pregnancy