Anatomy And Physiology (Chapter 6)

Front 1

Basic Muscle Types

Back 1

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

Front 2

Endomysium

Back 2

Encloses a single muscular fiber

Front 3

Perimysium

Back 3

Wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers

Front 4

Epimysium

Back 4

Covers the entire skeletal muscle

Front 5

Fascia

Back 5

On the outside of the epimysium

Front 6

Tendons

Back 6

× skeletal muscle attachment

× cord-like structures

× mostly collagen fibers

× often cross a joint due to toughness and small size

Front 7

Aponeuroses

Back 7

× skeletal muscle attachment

× sheet-like structures

× attach muscles indirectly to bones, cartilages, or connective tissue coverings

Front 8

Skeletal Muscles

Back 8

× produce movement

× maintain posture

× stabilize joints

× generate heat

Front 9

Sarcolemma

Back 9

Specialized plasma membrane

Front 10

Myofibrils

Back 10

× Long organelles inside muscle cell

× Aligned to give distinct bands

• I band/light band - thin filaments

• A band/dark band - thick filaments

Front 11

Sacroplasmic Reticulum

Back 11

Specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum

× stores + releases calcium

× surrounds the myofibril

Front 12

Sarcomere

Back 12

Contractile of unit of a muscle fiber

Front 13

Thick/Myosin Filaments

Back 13

× composed of the protein myosin

× has ATPase enzymes

× myosin filaments have heads

× myosin and action overlap

Front 14

Thin/Actin Filaments

Back 14

× composed of the protein actin

× anchored to the Z disc

Front 15

Excitability

Back 15

(Also responsiveness or irritability)

The ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

Front 16

Contractility

Back 16

Ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

Front 17

Extensibility

Back 17

Ability of muscle cells to be stretched

Front 18

Elasticity

Back 18

Ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

Front 19

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 19

Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and muscle

Front 20

Synaptic Cleft

Back 20

× gap between nerve and muscle

× filled with interstitial fluid

Front 21

Neurotransmitter

Back 21

Chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse

Front 22

Acetylcholine

Back 22

Neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle

× attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma -> becomes permeable to sodium (Na)

Front 23

Twitch (Graded Response)

Back 23

× single, brief contraction

× not a normal muscle functon

Front 24

Tetanus (Graded Response)

Back 24

× one contraction after another

× muscle doesn't completely return to a resting state

× effects are added

Front 25

Unfused Tetanus (Graded Response)

Back 25

× some relaxation occurs between contractions

× results are summed

Front 26

Fused Tetanus

Back 26

× no evidence of relaxation before the following contractions

× result is a sustained muscle contraction

Front 27

Isotonic Contractions

Back 27

× myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions

× the muscle shortens and movement occurs

Front 28

Isometric Contractions

Back 28

× tension in the muscles increases

× the muscle is unable to shorten or produce movement

Front 29

Origin

Back 29

Attachment to a moveable bone

Front 30

Insertion

Back 30

Attachment to an immovable bone

Front 31

Flexion

Back 31

× decreases the angle of the joint

× brings two bones closer together

× typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow

Front 32

Extension

Back 32

× opposite of flexion

× increases angle between two bones

Front 33

Rotation

Back 33

× movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

× common in ball and socket joints

Example: moving you shake your head "no".

Front 34

Abduction

Back 34

Movement of a limb away from the midline

Front 35

Adduction

Back 35

× opposite of abduction

× movement of a limb toward the midline

Front 36

Circumdation

Back 36

× combo of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

× common in ball and socket joints

Front 37

Dorsiflexion

Back 37

Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin

Front 38

Plantar Flexion

Back 38

Pointing the toes

Front 39

Inversion

Back 39

Turning sole of foot medially

Front 40

Eversion

Back 40

Turning sole of foot laterally

Front 41

Supination

Back 41

Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly

Front 42

Pronation

Back 42

Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

Front 43

Prime Mover

Back 43

Muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement

Front 44

Antagonist

Back 44

Muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

Front 45

Synergist

Back 45

Muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation

Front 46

Fixator

Back 46

Stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

Front 47

Frontalis

Back 47

Raises eyebrows

Front 48

Orbicularis Oculi

Back 48

Closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks

Front 49

Orbicularis Oris

Back 49

Closes mouth and protrudes lips

Front 50

Buccinator

Back 50

Flattens the cheek, chews

Front 51

Zygomaticus

Back 51

Raises corners of the mouth

Front 52

Masseter

Back 52

Closes jaw and elevates the mandible

Front 53

Temporalis

Back 53

Synergist of the masseter, closes jaw

Front 54

Platysma

Back 54

Pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly

Front 55

Sternocleidomastoid

Back 55

Flexes the neck, rotates the head

Front 56

Pectoralis Major

Back 56

Adducts and flexes the humerus