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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the respiratory system?
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conduct air containing O2 along respiratory passages to areas of gaseous exchange
conduct expired air containing CO2 out of the body regulation of pH assistance in temperature regulation phonation |
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List the different respiratory structures from cranial to caudal end..
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nose
pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli lungs |
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___= mvt of air into and out of the lungs
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ventillation
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____= gaseous exchange btw an animal and its environment
what are the 2 stages? |
respiration
external/internal |
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___= stage of respiration between the air and the blood/lungs
____= stage of respiration between blood and tissues/organs |
external
internal |
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Discuss the structure of a dogs nose and its importance?
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contains nostrils/external nares
rhinarium (hairless pad of epidermis, heavily pigmented supplied with mucous and sweat glands) alar fold- turbinates in ventral pt of nasal cavity and ends rostrally in a small bulbous swelling - the nosepad or rhinarium is the human "fingerprint" of canines; if nose is dry, signifies fever etc |
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What is the significance of a dogs nose for ID purposes?
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the rhinarium/nosepad of a dog is similar to the human fingerprint
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Discuss the structure of the nasal cavity
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seperated from mouth by hard and soft palates
separated into halves by nasal septum ( made of cartilage and plate of bone) turbinate bones (conchae) separate nasal cavity into passages (covered in mucosa- well vascularized- helps heat and cool air) olfactory epithelium at caudal part of nasal cavity |
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What is the importance of the nasal cavity
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the vascular mucous membrane covering the conchae/turbinate bones help to warm and humidify air
-the mucous membrane investing in the ethmoidal conchae is the olfactory epithelium containing the sensory endings of the olfactory nerve which mediates the sense of smell |
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____= air filled cavity within the facial bones of skull
-lined with ciliated mucous epithelium, communicate with nasal cavity thru narrow openings -contains 2 frontal/maxillary parts (sphenoid and palatine) |
paranasal sinuses
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what are the 2 paranasal sinuses found in animals?
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sphenoid
palatine |
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___= common pasasgeway for food and air
-muscles aid in deglutition and phonation |
pharynx
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____= the act of swallowing
___= oscillatory state of any part of the larynx that modifies the airstream |
deglutition
phonation |
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____= regulated the flow of gases into the respiratory tract and prevents anything other than gases to enter
-the voicebox/organ of phonation |
larynx
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How does the larynx work to produce sound?
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muscle contraction changes tension in ligaments
as air moves past ligaments, vibration causes voice -muscles/cartilages/ligaments work together to conract |
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___= passage to the lungs; formed by "C" shaped hyaline tracheal cartilages and is joined by annular ligaments that give flexibility
-divides into 2 bronchi at the ____, one to each lung, except in the pig and ruminants, where there is ____, that goes into the right lung. and then the bronchi divide into bronchioles |
trachea
tracheal bifurcation |
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_____ and ____ contain and accessory bronchus that goes into ___ lung
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ruminants and pigs
right |
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____= arrangement of different branches or divisions of bronchi
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bronchial tree
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the ____ nervous system controls the walls of the bronchi/bronchioles by way of smooth muscles
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autonomic nervous system
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____= small thin walled sacs surrounded by capillary networks
-epithelial lining very thin to allow gaseous exchange - not involved in the dead space of the resp tract |
alveoli
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alveolar fluid contains pulmonary _____= reduces surface tension, promotes stability, and makes expansion of alveoli easier; makes so alveoli will not collapse
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surfactant
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____= gathering of fluid on the surface of the alveoli
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surface tension
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___= volume inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath
___= amount that can be inspired after a normal breath ___= amount that can still be expired after a normal breath ___= air remaining in lungs after a forced exhalation |
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume |
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____= normal quiet breathing
___= difficult breathing; stress pathologic conditions |
eupnea
dyspnea |
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____= increased depth of frequency of breathing
___= rapid shallow breathing |
hyperpnea
polypnea |
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____= cessation of breathing/absence of
____- excessively rapid breathing ___ - abnormal slowness of breathing |
apnea
tachypnea bradypnea tach |
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"dys" =_____
____= increase, over, above ____= multiple "apnea"= ____ ____= increase ____= decrease |
"dys"- disregulation. irregularity
"hyper"- increase, over, above "poly"- multiple "apnea"- absence of " tachy"- increase "brady"- decrease |
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gas exchange during respiration...
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respiration serves as a means for the body to exchange gases witht he atmosphere by way of the blood
- the PP of oxygen in the air in the alveolar spaces in the lungs, is greater than the P02 in the blood, so oxygen diffuses into RBC's from the air in the lungs -also, the PP of C02 in the air in the lungs is less that the PC02 in the blood so C02 diffuses out from RBC's and into the air in the lungs -oxygen rich blood is carried through pul veins to the heart and then pumped thru systemic arteries to the body -the P02 in the blood is higher than the P02 in the body tissues, so 02 diffuses out from RBC's at the body tissues -also PC02 in the blodd is lower than the PC02 in the body tissues, so CO2 diffuses into RBC's there -oxygen poor blood is carried through the systemic veins back to the heart and is pumped thru pulm arteries to the lungs where gas exchange again replenishes the blood with O2 and removes CO2 |
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Summary of gas exchange during respiration..
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pulm artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart
-within lungs, alveoli exchange O2 for CO2 in the blood -O2 gets attached to hemoglobin molecule in blood -air flows across its conc. gradient (low O2 in blood and high O2 in lungs, high CO2 in blood) -pulm veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart which can then be pumped into systsemic circulation |
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ventillation summary..
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at resting- the intrapulmonic space (pressure of atmosphere) is norma;
-inspiration- chest wall moves out as air comes in- intrapleural space becomes more negative- intrapulmonic pressure becomes more negative (usually 2-3cm H2O less than the atm)- diaphragm descends - expiration- chest wall moves inward- intrapulmonic pressure becomes positive (2-3 cm/H2O greater than the atm)- intrapleural pressure remains negative-diaphragm ascends, air moves out |
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how ventillation works..
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Neg pressure breathing- diapragm and intercostals contract- diaphragm moves down increasing volume-intercostals move ribcage up, increasing the volume and lowering pressure in alveoli to below atm pressure- air flows from high pressure to low pressure, so air floods the resp tract through the alveoli
pos pressure breathing- diaphragm/intercostals return to original position- this increase pressure in lungs and lowers volume- the increase in pressure forces air out of the lungs (exhalation) |
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How Boyles law relates..
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describes the relationship btw volume and pressure as one increases, the other decreases
-can be used to explain air flow into/out of lungs -Ex: as diaphragm descends during inspiration, volume increases, so this decreases the pressure P= 1/V As P increases, V decreases as V increases, P decreases |
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__= transition from gaseous medium to liquid medium
-mixture of gas and atm pressure -measures the ability of a gas to mix with /turn into liquid |
partial pressure
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What happens when CO2 and O2 enter the blood?
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Most O2 in blood (98.5%) is bound to hemoglob in RBC's
-most all of the CO2 (93%) that enters the blood diffuses into RBC's -some 23% chemically combines w hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin -70% of CO2 that enters the RBC's is converted to carbonic acid under the influence of enzyme, carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic acid, rapidly dissociates into a hydrogen ion and a bicarbonate ion in the RBC -hydrogen ion is buffered by hemoglobin and bicarbonate ion leaves the RBC and enters plasm. it is in this form that most CO2 is transported from peripheral tissues by blood to the lungs -the reactions are reversed so CO2 can be reformed and expired from alveoli |
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MVT of O2 and CO2 in the body/gas exchange..
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-fresh air entering the lungs carried O2 to the alveoli. The amt of gas in air or gas dissolved in a fluid is Partial Pressure which is measured in mm of mercury
- the PP of O2 in the air within the alveoli is 104 mm of mercury - CO2 that enters the alveoli from the blood causes CO2 conc in the air of the alveoli to be 40mm of Hg. CO2 is continually removed from the alveoli is expired - blood coming from the heart at the arterial ends of the pulm capillaries has a PP of O2 of 40 and PCO2 of 45 -therefore O2 diffuses from the air into the alveoli into the blood and CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli bc of the differences in PP -O2 and CO2 diffuse until there is no difference in PP in the air and the blood. at this point there is no more net mvt of O2 or CO2 -therefore at venous ends of pulm capillaires, the PO2 in the blood and alveoli is 104 and PCO2 in blood and alveoli is 40 - some O2 was removed from the blood to nourish lung tissure, therefore the PO2 in arterial blood leaving the heart is 95 - O2 diffuses out of arterial ends of tissue capillaries into the tissue fluid, then into the cells, and CO2 diffuses out of the cells into the tissue fluid, then into blood bc of difference in PP -at the venous ends of tissue capillaries, the PO2 in the blood is equal to the PO2 in the tissue fluid and the PCO2 in the blood is equal to the PCO2 in the tissue fluid, resluting in no more net mvt of O2 or CO2 - the blood now carries the O2 and CO2 to the lungs - in the body, all these exchanges occur simultaneously |
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____= parts of the upper airways where there is no gas exchange
-gas exchange occurs in the alveoli __= includes anatomic dead space and any alveoli in which normal gas exchanges cannot occur( smoker with alveoli not working) |
anatomic dead space
physiological dead space |
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which epithelium is seen in the trachea?
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pseudostratified epithelium
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factors affecting hemoglobin ability to bind w O2
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increase in temp
decrease in pH increase in conc of CO2 -factors alter relation btw hemoglobin saturation and PP of O2 so that the saturation is less for any given PP - effects of CO2 similar |
