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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What type of tissue is blood?
connective
Name 5 functions of blood
distribution of nutrients from digestive system/tract
transport oxygen from lungs to body
transport waste products from body to kidneys
transport hormones
assist in body temp regulation, maintain pH, prevent body loss, body defense mechanisms
discuss the composition of blood
cell and cell-like formed elements suspended in fluid (plasma)- erythrocytes,leukocytes, platelets
proteins, electrolytes (Na,K) and other substances (glucose urea) suspended in the plasma
7-9% of body weight
___= proportion of cells to plasma; packed cell volume; RBC
hematocrit
____= formation and development of all formed elements of blood from a common pluripotent stem cell
hematopoiesis
where does hematopoiesis occur
bone marrow
What are 2 types of stem cells?
myeloid/lymphoid
___= type of stem cell including neutrophis, eosinophis, basophils, monocytes, macrophages, platelets, erythrocytes
myeloid stem cells
____= type of stem cell that includes the T cells and the B cells
lymphoid
What is the function of Wright's staining?
histologic stain that assists in differentiation in blood cells
___ or RBC do not have a nuclei and are biconcave discs- structure allows for gasous exhange, why?
erythrocyte
bc it allows it to occur easily, bc of shape/structure...thins and concave
Life span of erythrocyte

where are they destroyed (organ)
3-4 months

spleen
Function of erythrocytes?
responsible for oxygen transport from lungs to other tissues
T/F- immature RBC have a nuclei
T
___= major protein of RBC, respiratory pigment
- a molecule made of four polypeptide chains, each bound to a iron-containing molecular group called a heme group. So the molecule contains four polypeptide chains and four heme groups.



As a protein composed of association of polypeptide chains, the functionality depends upon the integrity of its quaternary structure.
FXN- transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
-oxygen binds to the ferrous iron in the heme grp to form oxyhemoglobin (oxygenation)- 1 molecule of oxygen combines with 1 atom of iron
hemoglobin
___= when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin at a different site on the molecule
-binds to a-aminio grps of peptide chains to form
-A compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, which is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood.
-CO2 binds to globin
carbaminohemoglobin
___=true oxidation product of hemoglobin that is unable to transport oxygen bc the iron is in the ferric rather than the ferrous state
-compound formed in the blood when hemoglobin is oxidated either by decomposition of the blood or by the action of various oxidizing drugs or toxic agents. It contains iron in the ferric state and cannot function as an oxygen carrier.
methemoglobin
____ has been reported in cattle grazing on highly fertillized plant growth, where nitrates in plants are converted to nitrites in the rumen and cause the formation of methemoglobin when absorbed into the blood


____ is a more stable cmpd formed when carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin. The affinity of hemoglobin for Carbon monoxide is 210x that of its infinity for oxygen
-unable to carry oxygen and animal suffocates and blood is cherry red
nitrate poisoning


carboxyhemoglobin
____= erythrocyte formation

-regulated by which hormone?
erythropoiesis

erythropoietin (hormone that is released from specific cells of the kidneys in response to reduced oxygen delivery)
A decrease in plasma volume resulting in an increase in the concentration of red blood cells in blood.

-an increase in the number of red blood cells resulting from either a decrease in plasma volume or increased production of erythrocytes

-result is less fluid content
hemoconcentration
____= the process of of degredation of erythrocytes
-removal/recycling of erythrocytes

Where is this found? (organs)
monocyte-macrophage system


spleen and liver
what clinical condition is related to erythrocytes?

-caused by accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and may be caused liver damage by occlusion of the bile ducts or an increase in rate of erythrocyte destruction; blockage of bile ducts where bile segments are not secreted into the intestine but are resobed into the circulatory system; yellowing discoloration of skin and mucous membranes, sclera
jaundice
___= breakdown of erythrocytes and the release of hemoglobin
hemolysis
___ = clinical condition of absence of RBC's or lower RBC's and reduces the oxygen carrying capacity
anemia
___= thrombocytes; smallest formed elements; oval discs (circulation), star/irregular( smears)
-no nuclei, and mostly stored in spleen
-reduce loss of blood from vessels
-fragments of megakaryocytes

What is their function?
platelets

Function- adhere to vessel wall and each other forming a plug on which the thrombus/clot forms
release substances stimulating clotting anf constriction of blood vessels
What are the clinical conditions of RBC's or erythrocytes?
icterus/jaundice

anemia

hemolysis
____= WBC's or the protectors, saviors
-nucelated, capable of independent mvt to exit blood vessels
-are either granulocytes or agranulocytes based on the presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules that stain with common blood stains
leukocytes
___= leukocytes with cytoplasmic granules
Ex: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

___=leukocytes without cytoplasmic granules
Ex: monocytes, lymphocytes
granulocytes


agranulocytes
give examples of granulocytes and agranulocytes.
granulocytes- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes- monocytes, lymphocytes
T/F granulocytes are smaller than erythrocytes
F
___= a leukocyte that is granulated in appearance, that is the first line of defense against infection, and constitute a large percentage of the leukocyte number
Fxn- upon tissue injury or microbial invasion, they rapidly accumulate within the interstitial fluids of the injured or invaded area
neutrophils
chemical messengers known as ____ attract neutrophils to these sites of injury or microbial invasion
-variety of cmpds that are capapble of attracting neutrophils and some other leukocytes

___= enzymes in intracellular granules of the neutrophils that engulfs invading bacteria and destroys them
chemotactic factors


phagocytes
___= semilliquid material reulting from response to microbial invasion
-dead neutrophils or cellular debris


___= accumulation of pus that has been isolated by the formation of surrounding connective tissue
pus

abscess
___= an increase in the number of circulating neutrophils in the blood that occurs with bacterial infections

___= refers to an abnormally low number of circulating neutrophils
neutrophilia


neutropenia
____= leukocytes that stain red, amoeboid, somewhat phagocytic
-less that 10% of total WBC count (numbers increase with parasitic infection)

Function?
eosinophils

regulate allergic responses by inhibiting histamine, a mediator of allergies
-by removing antigen-antibody complexes which stimulate allergic responses
What causes allergies?
when there is not enough eosinophils to regulate allergice responses, bc eosinophils remove antigen-antibody complexes, which stimulate allergic responses, and inhibit some of the mediators of allergic responses, such as histamine
___= leukocytes that are the fewest in number, stain blue
-rarely seen in normal blood
-granules contain heparin, histamine /start inflammation
-have receptors for IgE (allergy associated antibody)

Function?
basophils


fxn: basophils and mast cells release the contents of their granules during allergic responses, and these chemicals contribute to the characteristic tissue responses; the release of the granules is mediated in part by the specific antibodies and the associated allergen/antigen
___= WBC's that are the fewest in number, stain blue
-rarely seen in normal blood
-granules contain heparin and histamine
-involved in startin inflammation and produce histamine, seratonin etc
-have receptors for IgE (allergy associated antibody)
-very similar to mast cells

-basophils play a role in both parasitic infections and allergies.[1] They are found in tissues where allergic reactions are occurring and probably contribute to the severity of these reactions
basophils
____=compound of the granules of basophils that prevents blood clotting

____=compound of granules of basophils which relax smooth muscle of blood vessels and constricts smooth muscle in airways
-promotes blood flow to tissues
-causes symptoms seen in an allergic reaction
-seen in high numbers at sights of ectoparasite infections
heparin


histamine
_____= allergy associated antibody of basophils

Basophils have protein receptors on their cell surface that bind IgE, an immunoglobulin involved in macroparasite defense and allergy. It is the bound IgE antibody that confers a selective response of these cells to environmental substances, for example, pollen proteins or helminth antigens
Ige
____= cells very similar to basophils, but distinct
-found in many sites throughout the body but are especially prevalent in conncective tissue below an epithelial lining exposed to the external environment (dermis, walls of airways, and wall of GI tract)
-basophils and these cells release the contents of their granules during allergic responses and these chemicals contribute to the characteristic tissue responses
-the release of the granules is mediated in part by the binding of specific antibodies and the associated allergen/antigen
mast cells
___= largest circulating WBC ( in size); small number in the blood
-phagocytic and develop into even large macrophages when they exit vessels and enter tissues
-attracted by chemotactic factors to areas of tissue injury and microbial invasion
-major role in the overall initiation and regulation of inflammatory and immune responses
-release chemical messengers that coordinate the function of other cells responding to an injury or invasion
-function in processing antigens, a necessary step in the initiation of an immune response
-degrade tissue from chronic conditions (higher in chronic infections (TB)
-make up mononuclear phagocytic system
monocytes
___= second most prevalent WBC after neutrophils; in ruminants, most prevalent
-B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells
-vary in size and have large nucleus surrounded by a small amt of cytoplasm
-leads to immunologic memory to maintain health
Lymphocytes
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes...
B lymphocytes

t lymphocytes

NK cells
___= absence of granulation on cytoplasm that stains with wrights stain
-a leukocyte
agranulocyte
___= condition of RBC's where the number of functional RBC's or the quantity of hemoglobin per unit is below normal
-due to deficit blood formation, poor nutrition, dietary deficiency of iron, copper, vitamins or amino acids
-may be due to accelerated loss or destruction of erythrocytes such as with hemorrhage or parasites
anemia
___= packed cell volume; percentage by volume of whole blood that is erythrocytes
-to determine, must have glass tubes to collect and must centrifuge until blood cells are packeed in the lower end of the tube
-typically about 35-45 and are considered to be an indicator of the total RBC count
hematocrit
___= the decrease in the fluid component of blood with a resulting increase in the ration of cells to fluid
-indicated by an excessively high RBC count or a high hematocrit
-reductions in plasma volume may result from inadequate water intake of excessive loss of fluids from the body such as wih vomiting or diarrhea
hemoconcentration
___= the breakdown of erythrocytes and the relase of hemoglobin
-toxins such as snake venom, blood parasites etc can cause so much hemolysis that the hemoglobin in plasma produces a reddish color called ____.
the hemoglobin can then be excreted by the urine called _____(red water).
hemolysis


hemoglobinemia

hemoglobinuria
____= clumping of erythrocytes.
-RBC's have membrane proteins that act as antigens and agglutination resluts if RBC with specific antigens are added to a soluton containing the appropriate antibodies
hemoagglutination
___=liquid of the body that is 92% water and 8% other substances( Na, Cl, glucose, proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen) lipids, gases, ions, hormones)
-internal environment for all the cells
-collected with an anticoagulent to prevent clotting
plasma
How do you collect plasma/serum?
A sample of blood is treated with an anticoagulent (firbinogen) to prevent clotting and permitted to stand in tube undisturbed
-the cells settle to the bottom, leaving a fluid above
-the fluid portion is the plasma
-when blood is allowed to clot, the cells are trapped in a meshwork of clotting proteins, leaving a yellowish fluid, called serum (plasma minus the plasma proteins responsible for clotting-fibrinogen)
The ___ are responsible for maintaining constant proportions of water and other constituents of the plasma by the selective filtration and reabsorption of water and other substances from the blood plasms
kidneys
_____ and ___ are the 2 major proteins of plasma.

____= most prevalent protein and is the predominant protein synthesized by the liver
- small compunds bind to this and circulate in plasma in this bound form-prevents rapid loss in the urine

___= classified according to migration
-transport similar to albumin, body defenses, blood clotting
albumin /globulin

albumin

globulin
What happens in the monocyte-macrophage system (function- removal and recycling of erythrocytes; specialized cells)...
Macrophages of this system are found in spleen and liver. These macrophages are derived from circulating monocytes
-phagocytize intact erythrocytes or cellular debris and hemoglobing that are released when erythrocytes are released into the blood
-macrophages degrade the globin portion of hemoglobin and release the resulting amino acids into circulation
-iron is removed from the heme portion and released into the blood where its transported by transferring.
-cells that require iron have cell membrane receptors that bind transferring, and this is the means by which cells can take up iron into circulation
-includes hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow which have the highest metabolic need for iron on a daily basis.
-iron from the circulation also accumulates in the liver in a retrievable storage form, ferritin
- after protein and iron are removed from hemoglobin, a green pigment, biliverdin remains
-biliverdin breaks down into bilirubin (yellowish) which is transported to the liver in combination with blood albumin
-liver conjugated it, passes to the gallbladder in the bile, and fifinally into intestines where reduced to bilinogens-excreted in feces or reabsorbed into blood and excreted in urine, urobilinogen

pg261-262
What lines the blood collection tubes to help hasten blood clots
silica/silicone
____= the stoppage of bleeding/blood flow
-involves constriction of the injured vessel by the smooth muscle to reduce the opening
-formation of a platelet plug to occlude the opening
-clot formation to complete the occlusion of the opening
hemostasis
____= leads to formation of fibrin
-also activates plasmin

Clot is relatively solid bc of interlacing strands of ____
thrombin

fibrin ( a protein polymer)
____= part of a system that takes up the small net loss of both protein and fluid from capillaries, and resulting fluid is _____

*lymph nodes and lymph vessels are connected
lymphatic vessels

lymph

* lymphaitc vessels begin as blind ended vessels similar to capillaries and these join larger vessels resembling veins. The direction of lymph flow is from small lymphatics to large lymphatics. the largest of the lymphatic vessels join with large veins just cranial to the heart,and here all lymph returns to blood
____= clear colorless liquid derived from plasma that contains lymphocytes, salts, glucose, proteins, andnitrogenous substances
lymph
____= condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of liquid within the interstitial space
-produced by blockage of lymphatic vessels; found in area normally drained by those lymphatics
edema