Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

The body's reaction in response to foreign antigens, involving the formation of antibodies by B-Cells, and cell mediated responses by T-Cells.

Back 1

Immune Response

Front 2

T-Cells defend against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells.

Back 2

Cell Mediated Immunity

Front 3

Mature in the thymus glad.

Once activated, they directly attack infected and abnormal cells.

Responsible for cell mediated immunity.

Back 3

T-Lymphocytes

Front 4

When B-Cells defend against antigens and pathogens in body fluids.

Back 4

Antibody Mediated Immunity

Front 5

Mature in the bone marrow.

Once activated they form antibodies, coordinate the activities of adaptive & innate defenses.

Responsible for antibody mediated immunity.

Back 5

B Lymphocytes

Front 6

Globulin proteins produced by plasma cells in response to an invading antigen.

Back 6

Antibodies

Front 7

Foreign proteins which stimulate the production of antibodies & the development of an immune response.

(not to be confused with a self antigen)

Back 7

Antigen

Front 8

A small part on an antigen that is capable of provoking an immune response.

Back 8

Epitope

Front 9

Small number of lymphocytes differentiate into ________.

They attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and body cells that are infected with virus or have turned cancerous.

Back 9

Natural Killer Cells

Front 10

group of very active phagocytic cells that are found in connective tissues, epidermis, mucous membranes and lymphatic organs.

They phagocytize tissue, debris, dead nuetrophils, bacteria and other foreign matter.

Process foreign antigens & display antigen fragments on MHC11 proteins.

Back 10

Antigen Presenting Cells

Front 11

Proteins that occur normally on the membranes of all nucleated cells.

Back 11

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Front 12

Found on all nucleated cells

Will only recognize and bind to CD8 on cytotoxic cells.

Back 12

MHC 1

Front 13

Found only in APC cells

(includes: macrophages, dendritic and b-cells)

Only bind to T Helper cells with CD4 markers

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MHC 2

Front 14

immunity formed in response to a foreign antigen through vaccines.

Back 14

Arificially Acquired Active Immunity

Front 15

immunity formed in response to a foreign antigen introduced through exposure

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Naturally Acquired Active immunity

Front 16

immunity transferred from another source through gamma globulins

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Artificially Acquired Passive immunity

Front 17

immunity transferred from the mother through the placenta or breastmilk

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Naturally Acquired Passive Transport

Front 18

interstitial fluid not reabsorbed at capillaries

returns via vessels at R & L subclavian veins

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Lymphatic Fluid

Front 19

-pluripotent stem cells give rise to immature T cells and mature B cells.

-Tcells mature here

-located along lymphatic vessels

around 600 bean shaped

superficial and deep/groups/filter and trap antigens

-egg shaped masses MALT

-oval largest mass of lymph tissue

white and red pulp

Back 19

Red bone marrow

Thymus

Lymph Nodes

Nodules

Spleen

Front 20

inactive enzymes

Back 20

pro-enzymes

Front 21

substance synthesized in the liver

Back 21

vitamin K

Front 22

initiated by tissue and/or vessel injury

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extrinsic pathway

Front 23

damaged tissues of the vessel wall release _________.

Triggers a cascade of events

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TF or clotting factor 2

Front 24

initiated by substances within the blood.

Damage platelets activate clotting factor 2

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intrinsic pathway

Front 25

Prothrombinase + Ca++ catalyzes conversion of CF 2 an inactive enzyme into an active enzyme.

Thrombin + Ca++ catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.

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Common Pathway

Front 26

Lasts 30-60 mins

stabilizes clot to be repaired

contractile proteins in platelet shortens

pulls edges of injury site together

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Clot Retractions

Front 27

Plasminogen converts to plasmin which breaks down fibrin in blood clots

IV Strepkinase, T-PA injections

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Clot Dissolution

Front 28

platelet count below 100,000/ml

Back 28

thrombocytopenia

Front 29

abnormal clotting in a closed vessel

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throbosis

Front 30

process of breathing

Back 30

ventilation

Front 31

3 processes:

Ventilation

External Respiration

Internal Respiration

Back 31

Respiration

Front 32

Blood ph

blood pressure

sounds production

olfaction

thoracic pump promotion

Back 32

Functions of Respiratory System

Front 33

begins with nasal cavity and ends with terminal bronchioles in the lungs

Back 33

conducting system

Front 34

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

laryngealpharanyx

Back 34

3 Regions of Pharanyx

Front 35

composed of hyaline cartilage, house the vocal chords, protected by epiglottis.

Back 35

Larynx

Front 36

5 inches in length, composed of C shaped hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle. Lined with psuedostratified ciliated columnar interspersed with goblet cells

contains cilia that beat rythmically upward

Back 36

trachea

Front 37

site of bifurcation of trachea into r & l bronchi

Back 37

carina

Front 38

begins with respiratory bronchioles then aveolar ducts and then alveoli

Back 38

Respiratory portion

Front 39

epithelium of alveolar ducts and alveoli

Back 39

respiratory membrane

Front 40

simple squamous that compose alveolar epithelium

Back 40

Type 1 Alveolar cells

Front 41

septal cells: secrete surfactant over a thin layer of water

Back 41

Type 11 Alveolar cells

Front 42

cohesion of water molecules

Back 42

surface tension

Front 43

contraction and relaxation of muscles of inspiration

Back 43

muscle mechanics

Front 44

volume of thoracic cavity increases and decreases as a result of contraction and relaxation of the inspiratory muscles

Back 44

Volume change

Front 45

flows into and out of the lungs, down pressure gradients when volume changes

Back 45

air movement