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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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in- |
Inward |
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-tegere |
to cover |
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What is the integumentary system composed of? |
skin hair oil and sweat glands nails sensory receptors |
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Main functions of the integumentary system |
maintain body temperature protect body provide sensory information of the environment body's first line of defense |
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changes in skin can indicate ____ _____ in the body |
homeostatic imbalances |
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abnormal skin eruptions may indicate what? |
invasion of microbes and viruses mutations within the skin alone |
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Dermato- |
skin |
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-logy |
study of |
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What is the largest organ in the body |
Integument |
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give the size and weight of the integument |
2 sq. meters (22 sq. ft.) 5 kg (11 lbs)
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Two main parts of the integument |
dermis and epidermis |
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Epidermis is made of _______. |
keratinized stratifies squamous epithelium |
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Name the 4 principle types of cells in the integument |
Keratinocytes Melanocytes Langerhans cells Merkel cells |
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Keratinocytes (4 points) |
~90% of epidermal cells 4-5 layers thick produce protein keratin produces lamellar granules |
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what is the function of lamellar granules? |
water-repellant sealant |
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Melanocytes (4 points) |
develop from ectoderm 8% of cells produce melanin projections extend between keratinocytes and transfer melanin granules |
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Define melanin |
yellow-red or brown-black pigment gives skin its color and aids in absorbing damaging UV act as a protective veil over keratinocytes' nucleus |
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Langerhans cells (4 points) |
Arise form red bone marrow, migrate to epidermis very small fraction of cells in epidermis immune response, "citizen's arrest" damaged by UV |
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Merkel Cells (4 points again) |
Least numerous of epithelial cells In deepest layer of epidermis Contact flattened process of sensory neuron (Merkel disc) Mechanoreceptors- touch sensations |
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Give the epidermal Layers (top to bottom) |
Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale |
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Stratum Basale |
single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes stem cells that continually produce keratinocytes aka- stratum germinativum |
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what are tonofilaments? |
cytoskeleton of keratinocytes in the stratum basale |
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More on tonofilaments |
Intermediate filaments composed of proteins that will form keratin in superficial layer bind to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes |
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Stratum spinosum |
8-10 layers of many-sided keratinocytes fit closely together tonofilaments Langerhans cells and melanocytes |
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Stratum granulosum |
middle layer 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes cells undergoing apoptosis transitional region |
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Describe the results of apoptosis |
nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate presence of keratohyalin converts tonofilaments into keratin |
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Stratum lucidum |
Only in thick skin areas (soles, fingertips, palms) 3-5 layers of flattened, clear, dead keratinocytes contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes |
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Stratum corneum |
25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes continuously shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata |
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interior of the cell |
keratin |
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between cells |
lipids from lamellar granules |
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callus |
abnormal thickening of stratum corneum |
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How long does it take for the cells to progress from the stratum basale to stratum corneum? |
~4 weeks |
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Which layer gets the most nourishment? |
Stratum basale |
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Define psoriasis |
keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal; shed prematurely (7-10 days) |
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Define Dermis |
deeper part of the skin composed of strong connective tissue can stretch and recoil easily blood vessels, nerves, glands & hair follicles imbedded |
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Two regions of Dermis |
papillary layer reticular region |
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Papillary region |
contains meissner corpuscles (touch) and free nerve endings (warmth, coolness, pain) |
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reticular region |
adipose tissue, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands provides strength, extensibility, elasticity |
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Skin color is based on what 3 pigments |
melanin carotene hemoglobin |
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Accessories that develop from the epithelium (3) |
hair glands nails |
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Hair growth stages |
growth stage regression stage resting stage |
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hair color pigments |
eumelanin vs. phenomelanin |
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Sebaceous glands |
Oil glands usually connected to hair follicles |
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sudoriferous glands |
sweat glands 3-4 million eccrine and apocrine |
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Eccrine glands |
secrete outwardly found on most parts of the body play a role in thermoregulation |
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apocrine glands |
similar to eccrine found in axilla, groin, areolae, bearded regions do NOT play a role in thermoregulation |
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Ceruminous |
modified sweat glands of external ear (ear wax) |
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how much do nails grow? |
1mm per day |
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What is the purpose of nails? |
they provide protection and support for the tips of the fingers. |
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Functions of the skin |
thermoregulation blood reservoir protection sensation excretion and absorption synethsis of Vitamin D (requires sunlight) |
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Epidermal wound healing |
1. basal cells detach from basement membrane 2. basal cells migrate across the wound 3. contact inhibition causes cells to stop migrating across, begin dividing upward 4. Basal cells regenerate all epidermal layers (no scab) |
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Deep wound healing |
1. inflammatory 2. migratory 3. proliferation 4. maturation |
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inflammatory phase |
blood clots in wound blood is shunt from damaged vessel antibodies rush in to fight disease |
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migratory phase |
epithelium migrates across wound beneath the scab |
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proliferative phase |
wound is rebuilt from inside out collagen and extracellular matrix rebuild damaged tissue (scar tissue) |
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maturation |
blood vessel is restored epithelium resurfaces scab falls off |
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What causes wrinkles? |
collagen and elastic fibers break down |
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How does the integumentary system contribute to other body systems? |
provides barriers from external environment regulates temperature |
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How does the integument contribute to the skeletal system? |
activates vitamin D |
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How does the integument contribute to the respiratory system? |
hairs in nose filter dust stimulation of pain nerve endings |
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How does the integument contribute to the muscular system? |
skin helps provide calcium ions for muscle contraction |
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how does the integument contribute to the nervous system? |
nerve endings in skin provide input to brain for touch, pressure, other senses |
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How does the integument contribute to the cardiovascular system? |
chemical changes in the dermis cause widening and narrowing of skin and blood vessels to help adjust blood flow |
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How does the integument contribute to the lymphatic system? |
the skin is the first line of defense in immunity |
