Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

what are the rings of muscle called around the metarterioles?

Back 1

precapillary sphincters

Front 2

what is intermitten contraction and relaxation called?

Back 2

vasomotion

Front 3

ADH causes what?

Back 3

vasoconstriction, water retention

Front 4

what is the primary site of exchange of nutrients, gases & wastes between blood and tissue?

Back 4

capillaries

Front 5

NO causes what?

Back 5

vasodilation

Front 6

what are the forces involved in circulating blood called?

Back 6

hemodynamics

Front 7

what type of capillary has intercellular clefts?

Back 7

continuous capillaries

Front 8

what kind of blood vessel carries blood from the heart to the tissues?

Back 8

arteries

Front 9

what are the gaps between neighboring endothelial cells called in capillaries?

Back 9

intercellular clefts

Front 10

what does the size of the lumen, blood viscosity, and the total blood vessel length cause?

Back 10

peripheral resistance

Front 11

what is the only layer that the capillaries have?

Back 11

tunica interna

Front 12

what are fenstrations?

Back 12

holes in the plasma membrane

Front 13

what is immediate and localized, the abillity for tissue to automatically adjust its blood flow to match its metabolic demands?

Back 13

autoregulation

Front 14

what type of capillary has very large fenestraions?

Back 14

sinusoids

Front 15

whether fluids leave or enter capillaries depends on net balance of pressures called the what?

Back 15

net filtration pressure

Front 16

what vessels control BP by changing diameter?

Back 16

arterioles

Front 17

what is the primary site of exchange between mother and child?

Back 17

placenta

Front 18

venules merge to form veins that bring blood where?

Back 18

back to the heart

Front 19

what are the smallest veins called?

Back 19

venules

Front 20

venules begin the return path to where?

Back 20

the heart

Front 21

what is the volume of blood flowing back to the heart from the systemic veins called?

Back 21

venous return

Front 22

veins have valves called what?

Back 22

tunica intima

Front 23

what vein has no muscle at all?

Back 23

venous sinus

Front 24

what are the two pumps that help venous return?

Back 24

skletal muscle pump, respiratory pump

Front 25

about 60% of the blood volume at rest are in where?

Back 25

systemic veins and venules

Front 26

what is the movement of materials in & out of capillaries? (most important method)

Back 26

diffusion

Front 27

blood pressure, resistance to flow, and venous return are factors affecting what?

Back 27

circulation (blood flow)

Front 28

what are two baroreceptor reflexes?

Back 28

aortic reflex and carotid sinus reflex

Front 29

what does the tunic externa do?

Back 29

protects the vessel

Front 30

what is the passage of materials across enodthelium in tiny vesicles by endocytosis and exocytosis?

Back 30

transcytosis

Front 31

what does the tunica media consist of?

Back 31

smooth muscle

Front 32

what is the movement of a large amount of dissolved or suspended material (ions, molecules, particles) in the same direction? (particles caught in current)

Back 32

bulk flow

Front 33

what does the tunica interna consist of?

Back 33

endothelium

Front 34

the carotid reflex maintains normal blood pressure where?

Back 34

in the brain

Front 35

what is the cavity or an opening in tube called?

Back 35

lumen

Front 36

what is the movement of materials into interstitial fluid?

Back 36

filtration

Front 37

the aortic reflex maintains what kind of BP?

Back 37

general systemic

Front 38

what helps propel blood onward despite ventricular relaxation?

Back 38

pressure resevoir

Front 39

what is driven by blood hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure?

Back 39

filtration

Front 40

what is the hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on walls of vessels?

Back 40

blood pressure

Front 41

chemoreceptor reflexes detect what?

Back 41

chemical changes

Front 42

what are two pressure reservoirs?

Back 42

aorta and pulmonary

Front 43

what is the movement from interstitial fluid into capillaries?

Back 43

reabsorption

Front 44

what kind of artery is medium sized with more muscle than elastic fibers in tunic media?

Back 44

muscular arteries

Front 45

what is friction between blood and the walls of vessels called?

Back 45

resistance

Front 46

In the endocrine system, what is released in the bloodstream and travels throughout the body?

Back 46

hormones

Front 47

what glands secrete products (hormones) into the bloodstream?

Back 47

endocrine glands

Front 48

what is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body?

Back 48

hormones

Front 49

growth and development, and reproduction are the general functions of what?

Back 49

hormones

Front 50

what decreases sensitivity of target cells to hormones by decreasing the number of receptors?

Back 50

down-regulation

Front 51

what is it called when target tissue is more sensitive to the hormone production of more receptors?

Back 51

up-regulation

Front 52

what is it called when molecules of a lipid-soluble hormone are not bound to a transport protein?

Back 52

free fraction

Front 53

when hormones diffuse through plasma membrane & into cell, and bind to receptors turning on/off specific genes, is this an action of lipid or water soluble hormones?

Back 53

lipid

Front 54

when hormones diffuse through plasma membrane & into cell, and bind to receptors turning on/off specific genes, is this an action of lipid or water soluble hormones?

Back 54

lipid

Front 55

when hormones cannot diffuse through plasma membrane, and hormone receptors are integral membrane proteins, is it lipid or water soluble?

Back 55

water

Front 56

what acts as the first messenger?
what acts as the second messenger in water soluble hormones?

Back 56

hormone, cAMP

Front 57

what depends on:
concentration of the hormones
number of receptors for the hormone
influence exerted by other hormones

Back 57

responsiveness of target

Front 58

(hormonal interactions)
when a second hormone strengthens the effect of the first, it is the what effect?

Back 58

permissive effect

Front 59

(hormonal interactions)
when two hormones act together for
greater effect, it is the what effect?

Back 59

synergistic

Front 60

(hormonal interactions)
two hormones with opposite effects, is the what effect?

Back 60

antagonistic

Front 61

(hormonal interactions)
two hormones with opposite effects, is the what effect?

Back 61

antagonistic

Front 62

hypothalamus and pituitary glands both are what since their hormones control other endocrine glands?

Back 62

master endocrine glands

Front 63

what small arteries deliver blood to the capillary beds?

Back 63

arterioles

Front 64

the hypothalamus and pituitary glands are located where?

Back 64

on the base of the brain

Front 65

tropins regulate what?

Back 65

everything

Front 66

osmotic pressure is highest where particle concentration is what?

Back 66

highest

Front 67

what gland of the endocrine system regulate: thirst and hunger, body tempuature, sexual behavior, and defensive reactions(fear and anger)?

Back 67

hypothalamus

Front 68

what gland in the endocrine system link the nervous and endocrine sys.?

Back 68

hypothalamus

Front 69

what gland in the endocrine system secrete hormones like hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, and PRL?

Back 69

anterior pituitary

Front 70

what gland in the endocrine system does
not synthesize hormones?

Back 70

posterior pituitary

Front 71

what gland in the endocrine system is
located on each side of the trachea?

Back 71

thyroid gland

Front 72

which gland secretes T3 & T4 and calcitonin?

Back 72

thyroid gland

Front 73

parathyroid glands are located where?

Back 73

behind the thyroid glands

Front 74

what does the parathyroid hormone do?

Back 74

change calcium levels in blood

Front 75

the pancreas have both of what functions?

Back 75

exocrine and endocrine

Front 76

the thymus gland is located behind the
_____, and between the _______?

Back 76

sternum, lungs

Front 77

cells of the body are serviced by what two fluids?

Back 77

blood, interstitial fluid

Front 78

the pH level of blood is what?

Back 78

7.4

Front 79

blood is 55% ___ and 45% ____?

Back 79

plasma, formed elements

Front 80

what maintains blood osmotic pressure?

Back 80

albumin

Front 81

what helps the immune response in blood?

Back 81

globulins

Front 82

what is for clotting in the blood?

Back 82

fibrinogen

Front 83

hemoglobin is a ____ carrying protein?

Back 83

oxygen

Front 84

nitric oxide regulates what?

Back 84

BP

Front 85

hemoglobin is a ____ carrying protein?

Back 85

oxygen

Front 86

what is short lived and has no repairs
do to lack of organelles?

Back 86

RBCs

Front 87

erythropoiesis is the production of what?

Back 87

RBCs

Front 88

stem cells, then proerythroblasts, then
reticulocytes are the steps of what?

Back 88

RBCs

Front 89

what is the attraction of white blood cells to chemicals produced by bacteria or inflammation?

Back 89

chemotaxis

Front 90

granulocytes and agranulcytes are two types of what?

Back 90

WBCs

Front 91

what WBC has the fastest response of all
WBCs to bacteria?

Back 91

neutrophils

Front 92

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils are
granulocytes or agranuloctyes?

Back 92

granulocytes

Front 93

T/F basophils secrete histamine?

Back 93

T

Front 94

lymphocyte and monocyte are agranulocytes or granulocytes?

Back 94

agranulocytes

Front 95

monocytes differenciate into what?

Back 95

macrophages

Front 96

what is in the blood and is under the influence of thrombopoietin?

Back 96

platelets

Front 97

hemolytic disease of the newborn is where the mother is __ and the baby is
__?

Back 97

RH-, RH+

Front 98

the universal recipient is?

Back 98

AB

Front 99

the universal donor is?

Back 99

O

Front 100

the heart is located in the _____?

Back 100

mediastinum

Front 101

what does the fibrous pericardium do?

Back 101

anchors the heart

Front 102

what does the serous pericardium do?

Back 102

allows the heart to move

Front 103

the parietal layer of the fibrous pericardium is the _____ layer?

Back 103

outer

Front 104

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
are layers of the _____?

Back 104

heart

Front 105

what layer of the heart wall is the cardiac muscle layer bulk of the heart?

Back 105

myocardium

Front 106

semilunar valves prevent what?

Back 106

the backflow of blood

Front 107

what are the grooves on the surface of the heart containing coronary blood vessels and fat called?

Back 107

sulci

Front 108

the right side of the heart pumps
deoxygenated blood where?

Back 108

to the lungs

Front 109

what muscles in the heart are cone shaped, raised bundles of cardiac muscle?

Back 109

papillary

Front 110

what are cords between valve cusps and
the papillary muscles?

Back 110

chordae tendineae

Front 111

when the heart is diastole it is what?

Back 111

in relaxation

Front 112

the left side of the heart pumps blood where?

Back 112

through the body

Front 113

what holds the valves in place and prevents over stretching?

Back 113

fibrous skeleton

Front 114

what is the electrical insulator between
atria and ventricles?

Back 114

fibrous skeleton

Front 115

when the heart is systole the heart what?

Back 115

in contraction

Front 116

preload is the effect of what?

Back 116

stretching

Front 117

what is the amount of pressure created by the blood in the way?

Back 117

afterload

Front 118

the coronary sinus empties into where?

Back 118

the right atrium

Front 119

what is the disease where the heart muscle receives insufficient blood supply?

Back 119

coronary artery disease

Front 120

atherosclerosis are fatty deposits where?

Back 120

walls of arteries

Front 121

what is the heart pain from ischemia of cardiac muscle?

Back 121

angina pectoris

Front 122

intercalated discs and desmasomes do what to cardiac muscle?

Back 122

keep the fibers stuck together

Front 123

autorhythmic cells are what?

Back 123

self excitable

Front 124

cardiac cell(contractile fibers)resting
membrane potential is what?

Back 124

-90mv

Front 125

depolarization, plateau phase, and repolarization is what?

Back 125

the physiology of a contraction

Front 126

in what phase of the physiology of a contraction do Ca+2 channels open?

Back 126

plateau phase

Front 127

what is the name of a sustained contraction?

Back 127

tetany

Front 128

baroreceptors detect what?

Back 128

pressure

Front 129

proprioceptors monitor position of the what?

Back 129

limbs and muscles

Front 130

sympathetic impulses _____ heart rate?

Back 130

increase

Front 131

parasympathetic impulses _____ heart rate?

Back 131

decrease

Front 132

hormones, ions,- age, gender, physical fitness, and tempurature regulate what?

Back 132

heart rate

Front 133

what disease reduces blood flow to the myocardium?

Back 133

ischemia

Front 134

what form branches into capillary beds?

Back 134

metarterioles

Front 135

epinephrine and norepinephrine does what?

Back 135

increase heart rate, vasodilation

Front 136

hormones of what gland promote the proliferation & maturation of T cells?

Back 136

thymus gland

Front 137

what does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system do?

Back 137

regulate BP, causes vasoconstriction